Exam 1 - Notes

Chapter 26

Overview

Taxonomy

The Science of describing, naming, and classifying living an extinct organisms and viruses.

Systematics

Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary  relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern.

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Four Kingdoms

Types of cells

Prokaryotic 

Eukaryotic 

Binomial Nomenclature

Phylogenetic Trees

Monophyletic Group or Clade

Paraphyletic group

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Systematics

Morphological Analysis

Molecular Analysis

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Vertical Evolution

 

Chapter 27-31

Prokaryotic Diversity

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Eukaryotic Diversity (Ch 28)

Kingdom Protista

Subgroups

Algae

Protozoans

Slime Molds

Kingdom Fungi (Ch 31)

Kingdom Plantae (Ch 29 & 30)

Phyla (divisions)

Bryophytes

Referred to as "mosses and their friends"

Characteristics

Pteridophytes

Characteristics

Gymnosperms

Means "Naked seeds"
Seeds are not enclosed

Biggest group are the conifers
(Cone bearing trees)

Characteristics

Angiosperms

Characteristics

Chapter 32 & 33

Kingdom Animilia

Characteristics 

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Metazoans

Classification/Systematics

Body Plans

Morphological and Developmental Features

  1. Body Symmetry
  2. Number of tissue Layers
  3. Patterns of Embryonic development 

Symmetry

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Tissues

Germ Layers

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Embryonic Development
Other Morphological Characteristics

Used in classification

Molecular data suggest these features are unreliable in terms of understanding evolutionary history

Body Cavity

Coelom

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Flatworm has no mesoderm

Functions of the Coelom

Segmentation

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DO NOT worry about the number of species

Molecular views of Animal Diversity

Genes used in Molecular Systematics

Invertebrates

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Mollusea

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Anthropoda

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

Four Critical Innovations of Chordate Body Design

  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal gill pouches
  4. Post-anal tail

Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal gill pouches

Post-anal Tail

Humans

Notochord
Nerve cord
Pharyngeal Pouches
Post-anal Tail

Subphylum Urochordata

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Subphylum Cephalochordata

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Chapter 34

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chordate features as well as:

  1. Vertebral column
    • Series of cartilaginous or bony elements
  2. Cranium
  3. Endoskeleton or cartilage or bone
  4. Hox genes (lots of them)
  5. Neural crest

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Cyclostomes

Class Myxini

Class Cephalospidomorphi

Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

Tertapod: Gnathastomes

Class Amphibia

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Order Anura

Order Apoda

Order Urodela

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Amniotes

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Other Key Innovations of the Amniotes

Class Reptilia

Vertebrate Reproductive Modes

  1. Oviparous
    • Egg laying outside of the body
  2. Ovoviviparous
    • live baring wuth retention of eggs
    • No maternal connection
  3. Viviparous
    • live bearing with egg retained
    • Maternal connection

Class Aves

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Endothermic

Ectothermic

Class Mammalia

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Distinguishing Characteristics

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Order Primates

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Taxonomy of Humans