Chapter 27-31

Prokaryotic Diversity

• Prokaryotes dated at 3.5 billion years old
• Modern Prokaryotes  are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction

Domain Bacteria

• Proteobacteria
  • "true bacteria"
• Cyanobacteria
  • "Blue-Green bacteria"

Domain Archaea

• Have and "almost" nucleus
• specialized membranes
• surrounded by a cell wall
• old, can live in extreme conditions

Eukaryotic Diversity (Ch 28)

Kingdom Protista

• Earliest eukaryotes in fossil record
• most are microscopic and found in moist environments
• DNA many separate groups
• Most artificial category
  • "catch-all" category

Subgroups

Algae

• Plant-like organisms
• 10 groups
• autotrophic (self-feeding)
  • most are photosynthetic
  • few ingest food
• cell wall with

Protozoans

• Animal-like
• mostly netraothrophic (food-eating)

Slime Molds

• Fungal-like Protist
• Mostly saprothrophic (absorb-feeding)
• mostly multicellular

Kingdom Fungi (Ch 31)

• Conspicuous portion of the organism in the mushroom/yeast/mold/etc
• Saprothrophic (some are heterotrophic)
• Natures recyclers
• Composed of:
  • Mycelium
    • compacted mass of tubular filaments called hyphae
  • Fruiting body
    • site of spore production
  • Cell wall
    • composed of muramic acid/chitin

Kingdom Plantae (Ch 29 & 30)

• >330,000 species
• eukaryotic and multicellular
• autotrophic (mostly) self-feeding
  • capture sunlight to produce energy by photosynthesis
  • Food storage copound
    • starch
  • cell wall
    • cellulose
• Are referred to as "land plants"
• fossils dated to ~400mybp (million years before present)
• Ancestor stock
  • probably a group of algae (green)
• Life on land requires special innovation
  • Must be able to get water
    • ROOTS!

Phyla (divisions)

• 10 phyla 
• Typically combine these into 4 broad categories for convenience 

Bryophytes

• Phylum Hepatophyta
  • Liverworts
  • ~6500 species
• Phylum Anthocerophyta
  • Hornwarts
  • ~100 species
• Phylum Bryophyta
  • Mosses
  • ~12,000 species

Referred to as "mosses and their friends"

Characteristics

• Reproduce by spores (not seeds)
• non-vascular plants
  • lack conducting tissues 
    • xlem and phloem
• Small plants
• Require external H2O for reproduction

Pteridophytes

• Phylum Lycopodiophyta
  • lychophytes
  • 1000 species
• Phylum Pteridophyts
  • Ferns and allies
  • 12,000 species

Characteristics

• Sporangia
  • Where the spores are produce
• Reproduce by spores
  • no seeds
• vascular plants
  • xylem
    • water and minerals
  • phloem
    • food and solutes
• true roots, stem, and leaves
  • due to being vascular
• vascular allows for larger size
• Require external H2O for reproduction

Gymnosperms

• Phylum Cycadophyta
  • cycads
  • 300 species
• Phylum Ginkophyta 
  • Ginko
  • 1 species
• Phylum Gnetophyta
  • gnetophytes
  • 300 species
• Phylum Coniferophytes
  • conifers
  • 500 species

Means "Naked seeds"
Seeds are not enclosed

Biggest group are the conifers
(Cone bearing trees)

• Oldest
  • Bristle cone pine
    • Over 4600 years
• Biggest
  • Giant Sequoia
    • estimated 600 tons
• Tallest 
  • Coastal Redwood
  • 180 meters in height

Characteristics

• Vascular
  • more advanced that Pteridophytes
• Advance seed
  • It has more survival value
  • Contains:
    • Embryo
      • Offspring
    • Stored food
    • Integument
      • Seed coating
• Does not require external H2O for reproduction
  • Pollen tubes deliver sperm to egg location

Angiosperms

• Phylum Anthophyta
  • 300,000 species

Characteristics

• Enclosed seed
• produces flowers and fruits
• most advance vascular tissues
• Seeds advance
  • Enclosed in a vesses (fruit)
    • no survival value
  • Embryo
  • Stored food
  • 2 integuments
    • Seed coats
• Does not require external H2O for reproduction
• Flowers
  • Attract pollinators
• Fruit
  • Enclose and protect the seed
  • assist with seed dispersal