# Chapter 27-31

## Prokaryotic Diversity

- Prokaryotes dated at 3.5 billion years old
- Modern Prokaryotes are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction

### Domain Bacteria

- Proteobacteria 
    - "true bacteria"
- Cyanobacteria 
    - "Blue-Green bacteria"

### Domain Archaea

- Have and "almost" nucleus
- specialized membranes
- surrounded by a cell wall
- old, can live in extreme conditions

## Eukaryotic Diversity (Ch 28)

## Kingdom Protista

- Earliest eukaryotes in fossil record
- most are microscopic and found in moist environments
- DNA many separate groups
- Most artificial category 
    - "catch-all" category

### Subgroups

#### Algae

- Plant-like organisms
- 10 groups
- autotrophic (self-feeding) 
    - most are photosynthetic
    - few ingest food
- cell wall with

#### Protozoans

- Animal-like
- mostly netraothrophic (food-eating)

#### Slime Molds

- Fungal-like Protist
- Mostly saprothrophic (absorb-feeding)
- mostly multicellular

## Kingdom Fungi (Ch 31)

- Conspicuous portion of the organism in the mushroom/yeast/mold/etc
- Saprothrophic (some are heterotrophic)
- Natures recyclers
- Composed of: 
    - Mycelium 
        - compacted mass of tubular filaments called hyphae
    - Fruiting body 
        - site of spore production
    - Cell wall 
        - composed of muramic acid/chitin

## Kingdom Plantae (Ch 29 & 30)

- >330,000 species
- eukaryotic and multicellular
- autotrophic (mostly) self-feeding 
    - capture sunlight to produce energy by photosynthesis
    - Food storage copound 
        - starch
    - cell wall 
        - cellulose
- Are referred to as "land plants"
- fossils dated to ~400mybp (million years before present)
- Ancestor stock 
    - probably a group of algae (green)
- Life on land requires special innovation 
    - Must be able to get water 
        - ROOTS!

### Phyla (divisions)

- 10 phyla
- Typically combine these into 4 broad categories for convenience

#### Bryophytes

- Phylum Hepatophyta 
    - Liverworts
    - ~6500 species
- Phylum Anthocerophyta 
    - Hornwarts
    - ~100 species
- Phylum Bryophyta 
    - Mosses
    - ~12,000 species

Referred to as "mosses and their friends"

##### Characteristics

- Reproduce by spores (not seeds)
- non-vascular plants 
    - lack conducting tissues 
        - xlem and phloem
- Small plants
- Require external H2O for reproduction

#### Pteridophytes

- Phylum Lycopodiophyta 
    - lychophytes
    - 1000 species
- Phylum Pteridophyts 
    - Ferns and allies
    - 12,000 species

##### Characteristics

- Sporangia 
    - Where the spores are produce
- Reproduce by spores 
    - no seeds
- vascular plants 
    - xylem 
        - water and minerals
    - phloem 
        - food and solutes
- true roots, stem, and leaves 
    - due to being vascular
- vascular allows for larger size
- Require external H2O for reproduction

#### Gymnosperms

- Phylum Cycadophyta 
    - cycads
    - 300 species
- Phylum Ginkophyta 
    - Ginko
    - 1 species
- Phylum Gnetophyta 
    - gnetophytes
    - 300 species
- Phylum Coniferophytes 
    - conifers
    - 500 species

Means "Naked seeds"  
Seeds are not enclosed

Biggest group are the conifers  
(Cone bearing trees)

- Oldest 
    - Bristle cone pine 
        - Over 4600 years
- Biggest 
    - Giant Sequoia 
        - estimated 600 tons
- Tallest 
    - Coastal Redwood
    - 180 meters in height

##### Characteristics

- Vascular 
    - more advanced that Pteridophytes
- Advance seed 
    - It has more survival value
    - Contains: 
        - Embryo 
            - Offspring
        - Stored food
        - Integument 
            - Seed coating
- Does not require external H2O for reproduction 
    - Pollen tubes deliver sperm to egg location

#### Angiosperms

- Phylum Anthophyta 
    - 300,000 species

##### Characteristics

- Enclosed seed
- produces flowers and fruits
- most advance vascular tissues
- Seeds advance 
    - Enclosed in a vesses (fruit) 
        - no survival value
    - Embryo
    - Stored food
    - 2 integuments 
        - Seed coats
- Does not require external H2O for reproduction
- Flowers 
    - Attract pollinators
- Fruit 
    - Enclose and protect the seed
    - assist with seed dispersal