Chapter 27-31 Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotes dated at 3.5 billion years old Modern Prokaryotes  are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction Domain Bacteria Proteobacteria "true bacteria" Cyanobacteria "Blue-Green bacteria" Domain Archaea Have and "almost" nucleus specialized membranes surrounded by a cell wall old, can live in extreme conditions Eukaryotic Diversity (Ch 28) Kingdom Protista Earliest eukaryotes in fossil record most are microscopic and found in moist environments DNA many separate groups Most artificial category "catch-all" category Subgroups Algae Plant-like organisms 10 groups autotrophic (self-feeding) most are photosynthetic few ingest food cell wall with Protozoans Animal-like mostly netraothrophic (food-eating) Slime Molds Fungal-like Protist Mostly saprothrophic (absorb-feeding) mostly multicellular Kingdom Fungi (Ch 31) Conspicuous portion of the organism in the mushroom/yeast/mold/etc Saprothrophic (some are heterotrophic) Natures recyclers Composed of: Mycelium compacted mass of tubular filaments called hyphae Fruiting body site of spore production Cell wall composed of muramic acid/chitin Kingdom Plantae (Ch 29 & 30) >330,000 species eukaryotic and multicellular autotrophic (mostly) self-feeding capture sunlight to produce energy by photosynthesis Food storage copound starch cell wall cellulose Are referred to as "land plants" fossils dated to ~400mybp (million years before present) Ancestor stock probably a group of algae (green) Life on land requires special innovation Must be able to get water ROOTS! Phyla (divisions) 10 phyla  Typically combine these into 4 broad categories for convenience  Bryophytes Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts ~6500 species Phylum Anthocerophyta Hornwarts ~100 species Phylum Bryophyta Mosses ~12,000 species Referred to as "mosses and their friends" Characteristics Reproduce by spores (not seeds) non-vascular plants lack conducting tissues xlem and phloem Small plants Require external H2O for reproduction Pteridophytes Phylum Lycopodiophyta lychophytes 1000 species Phylum Pteridophyts Ferns and allies 12,000 species Characteristics Sporangia Where the spores are produce Reproduce by spores no seeds vascular plants xylem water and minerals phloem food and solutes true roots, stem, and leaves due to being vascular vascular allows for larger size Require external H2O for reproduction Gymnosperms Phylum Cycadophyta cycads 300 species Phylum Ginkophyta Ginko 1 species Phylum Gnetophyta gnetophytes 300 species Phylum Coniferophytes conifers 500 species Means "Naked seeds" Seeds are not enclosed Biggest group are the conifers (Cone bearing trees) Oldest Bristle cone pine Over 4600 years Biggest Giant Sequoia estimated 600 tons Tallest Coastal Redwood 180 meters in height Characteristics Vascular more advanced that Pteridophytes Advance seed It has more survival value Contains: Embryo Offspring Stored food Integument Seed coating Does not require external H2O for reproduction Pollen tubes deliver sperm to egg location Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta 300,000 species Characteristics Enclosed seed produces flowers and fruits most advance vascular tissues Seeds advance Enclosed in a vesses (fruit) no survival value Embryo Stored food 2 integuments Seed coats Does not require external H2O for reproduction Flowers Attract pollinators Fruit Enclose and protect the seed assist with seed dispersal