# Chapter 40 ## Intro to Animal Structure(Form) & Function ### Key concepts - organization of animal bodies - the relationship between structure and function - homeostasis ### All Animals: Share similarities in the ways in which they: - Exchange materials with their surroundings - Obtain energy from organic molecules - synthesize complex molecules - reproduce themselves - detect and respond to signals in their immediate surroundings ## Levels of Animal Organization - Cellular - Phylum Porifera - Tissue - Phylum Cnidaria - Phylum Ctehotophora - Organ System - All advanced animal groups ### Internal Organization of Animals [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-15-50.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/SsLROTRAJmjnIpxu-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-15-50.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/SsLROTRAJmjnIpxu-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-15-50.png) - **Cells** with similar properties group together to form **tissues** - **Tissues** combine together to form **organs** - **Organs** are linked together to form **organ systems** - **Organ Systems** form an **organism** ## Tissues ### Tissue - An association of many cells that have a similar structure and function #### Types - Epithelial tissue - Connective tissue - Muscle tissue - Nervous tissue ## Epithelial - Sheets of densely-packed cells that: - cover the body or enclose organs - line the walls of the body cavity and organs - Specialized to protect and secrete/absorb ions and organic molecules - cells have a variety of shapes - - cuboidal - squamous - columnar - arranged to form different types of tissues - simple - one layer - stratified - multi layer - pseudo-stratified - one layer, but appears stratified - All are asymmetrical or polarized - One side rests on the basal lamina (basement membrane) - the other faces the environment [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-32-03.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/fTvJc1v4hcMhFr57-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-32-03.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/fTvJc1v4hcMhFr57-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-13-32-03.png) ### Types of Epithelial Tissue - Simple squamous - one layer of flat cells - Simple cuboidal - one layer of square cells - Simple columnar - single layer of rectangular cells - Pseudo-stratified columnar - 1 cell thick with all at basement barrier - Stratified squamous - multi-layered flattened cells - Transitional - stretchable tissue All may be involved with secretions/absorption/protection ## Connective tissues Connect, surround, anchor, bind, & support - For extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells - provides scaffolds for attachment - protects and cushions - mechanical strength - transmit information - transport [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-24-53.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/hwo10hhhAPdUjR21-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-24-53.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/hwo10hhhAPdUjR21-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-24-53.png) ### Types of Connective tissue - Blood - transport and protection - adipose (fat) - insulation, protection, support, and storage - bone - support, protections, and movement - cartilage - support and flexibility - loose connective tissue - holds internal organs in place - dense connective tissue - strength and support ## Muscle Tissues Cells specialized to contract, generating mechanical force [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-29-34.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/VTF34jeaQCqagVni-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-29-34.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/VTF34jeaQCqagVni-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-29-34.png) ### Types of muscle tissue - Skeleton muscle - attached to bone(via connective tissue) or exoskeleton for locomotion - elongated fibers - voluntary control - striated - Smooth muscle - surrounds tubes and body cavities for propulsion of contents - flattened cells - involuntary control - cardiac muscle - only in the heart - elongated fibers - involuntary control - striated - branched ## Nervous tissue - complex networks of neurons (nerve cells) - initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another - electrical signals produced in one neuron may stimulate or inhibit other neurons - initiate new electrical signals - stimulate muscle cells to contract - stimulate glandular cells to release chemicals - also contains neuro-glial cells - more numerous than neurons - provide metabolic support, maintenance, ion balance, and cleaning for the neurons [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-34-41.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/ZguzB7s34fWJq1aW-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-34-41.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/ZguzB7s34fWJq1aW-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-34-41.png) [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-36-03.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/8JKetSBDcEZizMrW-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-36-03.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/8JKetSBDcEZizMrW-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-36-03.png) ## Organ Systems [![Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-38-56.png](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/scaled-840-0/nO3BhrG38RgJcgjQ-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-38-56.png)](https://bookstack.aronwk.com/uploads/images/gallery/2019-03-Mar/nO3BhrG38RgJcgjQ-Screenshot-from-2019-03-31-14-38-56.png) 10 organ systems that we will cover (not in this order) ### Structure and function - organization of structure(form) can predict the function of a structure - we will concentrate of the increasing complexity of structural(form), and thus the increasing complexity of organismal function - most emphasis on vertebrates ### Homeostasis - changing variables in environmental: - air temperature - water temperature - food supply - water supply - pH - O2 Concentration - Process of adjusting to the external environment and maintaining a stable internal environment