Chapter 40 Intro to Animal Structure(Form) & Function Key concepts organization of animal bodies the relationship between structure and function homeostasis All Animals: Share similarities in the ways in which they: Exchange materials with their surroundings Obtain energy from organic molecules synthesize complex molecules reproduce themselves detect and respond to signals in their immediate surroundings Levels of Animal Organization Cellular Phylum Porifera Tissue Phylum Cnidaria  Phylum Ctehotophora Organ System All advanced animal groups Internal Organization of Animals Cells with similar properties group together to form tissues Tissues combine together to form organs Organs are linked together to form organ systems Organ Systems form an organism Tissues Tissue An association of many cells that have a similar structure and function Types Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial Sheets of densely-packed cells that: cover the body or enclose organs line the walls of the body cavity and organs Specialized to protect and secrete/absorb ions and organic molecules cells have a variety of shapes   cuboidal squamous columnar arranged to form different types of tissues simple one layer stratified multi layer pseudo-stratified one layer, but appears stratified All are asymmetrical or polarized One side rests on the basal lamina (basement membrane) the other faces the environment Types of Epithelial Tissue Simple squamous one layer of flat cells Simple cuboidal one layer of square cells Simple columnar single layer of rectangular cells Pseudo-stratified columnar 1 cell thick with all at basement barrier Stratified squamous multi-layered flattened cells Transitional stretchable tissue All may be involved with secretions/absorption/protection Connective tissues Connect, surround, anchor, bind, & support For extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells provides scaffolds for attachment protects and cushions mechanical strength transmit information transport Types of Connective tissue Blood transport and protection adipose (fat) insulation, protection, support, and storage bone support, protections, and movement cartilage support and flexibility loose connective tissue holds internal organs in place dense connective tissue strength and support Muscle Tissues Cells specialized to contract, generating mechanical force Types of muscle tissue Skeleton muscle attached to bone(via connective tissue) or exoskeleton for locomotion elongated fibers voluntary control striated Smooth muscle surrounds tubes and body cavities for propulsion of contents flattened cells involuntary control cardiac muscle only in the heart elongated fibers involuntary control striated branched Nervous tissue complex networks of neurons (nerve cells) initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another electrical signals produced in one neuron may stimulate or inhibit other neurons initiate new electrical signals stimulate muscle cells to contract stimulate glandular cells to release chemicals also contains neuro-glial cells more numerous than neurons provide metabolic support, maintenance, ion balance, and cleaning for the neurons Organ Systems 10 organ systems that we will cover (not in this order) Structure and function organization of structure(form) can predict the function of a structure we will concentrate of the increasing complexity of structural(form), and thus the increasing complexity of organismal function most emphasis on vertebrates Homeostasis changing variables in environmental: air temperature water temperature food supply water supply pH O 2  Concentration Process of adjusting to the external environment and maintaining a stable internal environment