Course Package 1
Hello.java
/* File: Hello.java
This is a simple sample standalone text-based Java application.
Output is generated to StdOut (Standard Out), which in this case is the user's console.
In a Java application, execution begins with the main() method (defined below).
If you're working from the command line (such as on mislab)
compile and execute this program with the commands:
javac Hello.java (creates Hello.class)
java Hello (runs the JVM to execute byte code)
(Note: The file names in these commands are case-sensitive.)
javac.exe is the Java compiler. javac translates source code (stored in
a .java file) into platform-independent byte code (stored in a .class
file). Byte code is interpreted and executed by a JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
java.exe is a JVM. Some consumer electronics are hardware JVM's (their electronics can
actually interpret and execute Java byte code). A JVM is platform-dependent.
That is, you must have a JVM that runs in your environment.
The main method must be defined as it is in the example below. The only
thing that you can change is the name of the parameter (args).
The main method receives an Array of String objects.
Some elements of programming style which are demonstrated here:
1. the class name begins with an upper-case letter
2. corresponding curly braces are aligned
3. statements within a body of code are indented
4. blank lines are used to enhance readability
5. comments are used to enhance readability and understandability
*/
public class Hello // Hello class header
{ // the body of the class is enclosed in curly braces,
// which are aligned to enhance readability
public static void main(String[] args) // main() method header; execution begins here
{ // the body of the method is enclosed in curly braces
System.out.println("Hello world"); // call the println method to generate output
// to StdOut
}
}
// You should type this program, compile it, and execute it to test your Java environment.DOS1a.java
// You should type this program, compile it, and execute it to test your Java environment.
/* File: DOS1a.java
DOS1a uses a "for loop" to calculate the sum of the integers between
two hard-coded values.
This program uses three primitive int scalar variables. There are eight types of
primitives in Java: boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double.
Everything else is object-oriented!
*/
public class DOS1a // DOS1a class header
{
public static void main(String[] args) // main() method header
{
int start,stop,sum; // define (declare) 3 primitive int variables
// this defines name, data type, and size
// these variables have "block scope"; they are
// visible until the } at the end of this block
// of code (this method)
start=11; // initialize the variables (give each a value)
stop=20;
sum=0;
for(int i=start;i<=stop;i++) // for loop; "i" has block scope; its life is
// the block of this for loop
{
System.out.println(i); // print value of "i" to StdOut, followed by LF
sum=sum+i; // accumulate running total
}
// i is no longer available
System.out.println("\n"+sum); // print blank line, then value of "sum"
}
}DOS1b.java
/* File: DOS1b.java
DOS1b uses a hard-coded, comma-delimited string of Fahrenheit temperatures as its input.
It uses the String class's split method to split that string apart into its separate values,
then converts those values to Centigrade.
This program uses the "split" method from the String class. The documentation of the String
class describes the "interface" of the method: what you pass to the method, and what
the method returns to you. The following comes from the documentation of the method:
(textbook: page 431)
public String[] split(String s)
This tells you that:
split is an instance method (the method header does not include the word "static");
because it's an instance method, it "operates on" a String object; in calling this method,
use a String object to the left of the dot
the method accepts a String object as its sole parameter
the method returns an array of String objects
This program uses the length property of an Array object to know the number of
elements in the array (inputs.length).
This program uses the "parseDouble" method from the Double class. The documentation of the Double
class describes the interface of the "parseDouble" method: what you pass to the method, and what
the method returns to you. The following comes from the documentation of the method:
(textbook: page 445)
public static double parseDouble(String s)
This tells you that:
parseDouble is a class method (the method header includes the word "static"); in calling
this method, use the name of its class to the left of the dot: Double.parseDouble()
it accepts a String object as its sole parameter
it returns a double primitive
*/
public class DOS1b
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String string="0,32,100,212";
String[] inputs=string.split(","); // define an array of String objects
// split the initial string to populate that array
for(int i=0;i<inputs.length;i++) // step through the elements in the array
{ // (use length property of the Array object)
String s=inputs[i]; // get next element
double f=Double.parseDouble(s); // call parseDouble class method (of Double class)
double c=(f-32)*5/9; // now calculate Celsius temp
System.out.println(f+"F = "+c+"C"); // concatenated items for output
}
}
}DOS1c.java
/* File: DOS1c.java
This program accepts both integer and double input from the keyboard.
It uses the Utility.readInt() method to read an int value, and the
Utility.readDouble() method to read doubles. Both of these methods are
user-defined methods, contained in the Utility class, which is stored
in Utility.java.
Utility.java is a user-defined class that is available on our course web site.
Note that methods from the Utility class are not compiled INTO your byte
code. A separate Utility.class is created by the compiler. You need
Utility.class in the directory along with your program when you try to
run your program.
In this program, the user can enter a series of double values, which are
stored in an array. The array is sorted, and the sorted list is displayed
on the screen.
The "sort" method from the Arrays class is used in this program (textbook: page 558).
The Arrays class is stored in the java.util package. The import statement is used to make
this class available to the compiler.
*/
import java.util.*; // make classes and interfaces from the
// java.util package available to the compiler
public class DOS1c
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int limit; // define int scalar
double[] doubleArray; // and array of primitive doubles
// at this point, the value of doubleArray is: null
// if you try to refer to doubleArray's value,
// you will get a nullPointerException
System.out.println("How many values? "); // display prompt for input
limit=Utility.readInt(); // use Utility.readInt() to accept input
doubleArray=new double[limit]; // allocate memory for array of "limit" double elements
// doubleArray is an Array object
// each element in the array will be a primitive double
System.out.println(); // print a blank line
for(int i=0;i<limit;i++) // loop to get input values
{ // ++ is the increment operator
System.out.println("next value? ");
doubleArray[i]=Utility.readDouble(); // read next double into array
}
Arrays.sort(doubleArray); // use Arrays.sort to sort our array
System.out.println("\nYour output is:");
for(int i=0;i<doubleArray.length;i++) // step through array, generate output
{
System.out.println(doubleArray[i]);
}
}
}DOS2a.java
/* File: DOS2a.java
This program instantiates a "Person" object (an instance of the "Person" class).
It then uses some of the properties and methods of a Person object.
The Person class is defined in Person.java (the next class in this course packet).
This is a user-defined class; it is not part of the standard Java API.
*/
public class DOS2a
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Person subject; // define a Person reference variable;
// allocate memory for a reference variable
// that will contain the memory address
// of a Person object
subject=new Person(); // instantiate a Person object by calling the
// Person class's zero-argument constructor
// assign its memory address to the reference
// variable "subject"
subject.lastName="Gilligan"; // assign values to properties
subject.firstName="Thom";
subject.age=61;
System.out.println("\nThe first Person is:");
System.out.println(subject.toString()+"\n\n");
subject=new Person("Buck","Logan",52); // instantiate another Person object
// by calling its constructor method
// that accepts String, String, int
System.out.println("Last Name: "+subject.lastName); // access the "lastName" property of the object
System.out.println(" First: "+subject.firstName);
System.out.println(" Age: "+subject.age+"\n");
subject.age++; // increment the value of the "age" property
System.out.println("Last Name: "+subject.lastName);
System.out.println(" First: "+subject.firstName);
System.out.println(" Age: "+subject.age+"\n");
System.out.println(" Packed: "+subject.toString()); // use the "toString()" method
}
}Person.java
/* File: Person.java
This file defines the Person class, which can be used to instantiate a
Person object.
In object-oriented analysis, design, and programming, you try to identify the
objects that are the components of a system. Then you develop a class (a blueprint)
for each of these types of objects.
When you write a class to represent an object, such as a Person, ask yourself:
What are the attributes of a Person object?
What methods does the class need, to operate on a Person object?
A "constructor method" is called to instantiate an instance of a class, such as:
new Person();
The name of a constructor must match the name of the class (in this case, Person).
This is a unique characteristic of constructor methods, when compared to other methods:
a constructor method's name begins with an upper-case letter, since it must match the
name of the class (which, by convention, begins with an upper-case letter).
A constructor method may NOT specify a return data type.
public Person() is a constructor method
public void Person() is not a constructor method
*/
public class Person
{
public int age; // instance variable (property, attribute)
public String lastName,firstName; // instance variables
public Person() // zero-argument constructor method
{
this.age=0; // initialize properties with default values
this.lastName="";
this.firstName="";
} // constructor may not have a return
// and may not specify a return data type
public Person(String s1,String s2,int i) // constructor, accepts three parameters
// String, String, int
{
this.firstName=s1; // set the properties of this object
this.lastName=s2; // based on received parameters
this.age=i;
}
public String toString() // instance method (not static)
{
return this.firstName.trim()+" "+this.lastName.trim(); // build string, then return it
}
}DOS2b.java
/* File: DOS2b.java
This program uses the NewPerson class rather than the Person class.
NewPerson demonstrates "data hiding" and better "encapsulation" by making its
properties private, and providing accessor and mutator methods for those properties.
*/
public class DOS2b
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
NewPerson subject=new NewPerson(); // declare a NewPerson reference variable
// and instantiate a NewPerson object
subject.setFirstName("Buck"); // call mutator methods to change values
subject.setLastName("Logan");
subject.setAge(52);
System.out.println("First Name: "+subject.getFirstName());
System.out.println(" Last Name: "+subject.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Age: "+subject.getAge());
System.out.println();
subject.setFirstName("Charles");
subject.setLastName(""); // can you set the last name to null?
if(!subject.setAge(-1)) // can you set the age to a negative value?
{
System.out.println("Error changing age.\n\n");
}
System.out.println("First Name: "+subject.getFirstName());
System.out.println(" Last Name: "+subject.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Age: "+subject.getAge());
System.out.println();
}
}NewPerson.java
/* File: NewPerson.java
The NewPerson class modifies the Person class. In particular,
the properties of this class are declared private so that outside
classes can not directly manipulate the values of the properties.
To retrieve or change the value of firstName, lastName, or age
(the properties of a NewPerson object), you have to call the appropriate
accessor (get...) or mutator (set...) method.
Encapsulation is an important concept in object-oriented programming.
When we define a class, we want to include all relevant properties and
methods of the class in that class. We want to encapsulate the attributes
and behaviors of instances of that class, minimizing interactions with
the outside.
By making properties private, we have control over the values assigned
to those properties. Our mutator methods can do whatever error-checking
is appropriate before modifying a property. Even in accessor methods,
we can implement whatever controls are appropriate to access the value
of a property.
Although it adds more programming, adding accessor and mutator methods,
and making properties private, is an important component of encapsulation.
The name of an accessor method, by convention, begins with the word "get",
followed by the name of the associated property (capitalizing the first
letter of the property name). See examples in this class.
The name of a mutator method, by convention, begins with the word "set",
followed by the name of the associated property (capitalizing the first
letter of the property name). See examples in this class.
*/
public class NewPerson
{
private String firstName,lastName; // private instance variables (properties)
private int age;
public NewPerson() // zero-argument constructor method
{
this.firstName=""; // default values for properties
this.lastName="";
this.age=0;
}
public String getFirstName() // accessor method to retrieve value of firstName
{ // returns a String
return this.firstName;
}
public boolean setFirstName(String s) // method to change value of firstName
{ // returns a primitive boolean
if(s.length()==0) // call length() method of String object
{ // don't change firstName to null String
return false;
}
this.firstName=s; // change firstName
return true; // value was changed
}
public String getLastName() // accessor method to retrieve value of lastName
{ // returns a String
return this.lastName;
}
public boolean setLastName(String s) // method to change value of lastName
{
if(s.length()==0) // call length() method of String object
{ // don't change lastName to null String
return false;
}
this.lastName=s; // change lastName
return true; // value was changed
}
public int getAge() // accessor method to retrieve value of age
{ // returns an int value
return this.age; // return value of this.age
}
public boolean setAge(int i) // mutator method to change value of age
{ // returns boolean indicating if value was changed
if(i<0) // don't change age to negative value
{
return false; // value was not changed
}
this.age=i; // i >= 0, valid value
return true; // value was changed
}
}DOS2c.java
/* File: DOS2c.java
This system uses three classes: DOS2c, NewerPerson, and Employee.
The Employee class is a subclass of the NewerPerson class. This program
instantiates an Employee object.
*/
public class DOS2c
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee subject;
subject=new Employee(101,"Barney","Fife",51,17.25); // instantiate an Employee object
System.out.println(" EmpNum: "+subject.getEmpNum()); // call several of the object's instance methods
System.out.println("Last Name: "+subject.getLastName());
System.out.println(" First: "+subject.getFirstName());
System.out.println(" Age: "+subject.getAge());
System.out.println(" Rate: "+subject.getPayRate());
System.out.println("\n"+subject.toString()+"\n\n\n");
}
}NewrPerson.java
/* File: NewerPerson.java
The NewerPerson class modifies the NewPerson class.
The NewPerson class used private instance variables (properties). But we now want to
be able to subclass the NewPerson class to further define a specific type of NewPerson,
an Employee. The problem is that private properties may not be accessed by other classes,
even by a subclass. NewerPerson changes the access modifier on those properties to protected,
rather than private.
*/
public class NewerPerson
{
protected String firstName,lastName; // protected instance variables
protected int age;
public NewerPerson() // constructor method
{
this.firstName=""; // default values for properties
this.lastName="";
this.age=0;
}
public NewerPerson(String f,String l,int i) // overloaded constructor method
{
this.firstName=f; // set values for properties
this.lastName=l;
this.age=i;
}
public String getFirstName() // accessor method to retrieve value of firstName
{ // returns a String
return this.firstName;
}
public boolean setFirstName(String s) // method to change value of firstName
{
if(s.length()==0) // call length() method of String object
{ // don't change firstName to null String
return false;
}
this.firstName=s; // change firstName
return true; // value was changed
}
public String getLastName() // accessor method to retrieve value of lastName
{ // returns a String
return this.lastName;
}
public boolean setLastName(String s) // method to change value of lastName
{
if(s.length()==0) // call length() method of String object
{ // don't change lastName to null String
return false;
}
this.lastName=s; // change lastName
return true; // value was changed
}
public String getName()
{
return this.lastName.trim()+", "+this.firstName.trim();
}
public int getAge() // accessor method to retrieve value of age
{ // returns an int value
return this.age; // return value of this.age
}
public boolean setAge(int i) // mutator method to change value of age
{ // returns boolean indicating if value was changed
if(i<0) // don't change age to negative value
{
return false; // value was not changed
}
this.age=i; // i >= 0, valid value
return true; // value was changed
}
}Employee.java
/* File: Employee.java
Object
|
+---NewerPerson
|
+---Employee
The Employee class subclasses the NewerPerson class (which subclasses the Object class).
Therefore, Employee inherits properties and methods of the superclass (NewerPerson).
It may optionally over-ride any property or method that would otherwise be inherited
(this is done with the toString() method, below).
*/
public class Employee extends NewerPerson // subclass the NewerPerson class
{
protected Integer empNum; // add specific properties of the subclass
protected double payRate;
public Employee() // zero-argument constructor
{
super(); // call zero-argument constructor of superclass
this.empNum=new Integer(0); // then set values of subclass's instance variables
this.payRate=0;
}
public Employee(int i,String s1,String s2,int j,double d)
{
super(s1,s2,j); // call constructor from superclass
this.empNum=new Integer(i); // then set values of subclass's instance variables
this.payRate=d;
}
public int getEmpNum() // accessor method, returns a primitive int
{
return this.empNum.intValue(); // use intValue() method of Integer class
}
public double getPayRate()
{
return this.payRate;
}
public String toString() // over-ride toString method from Person class
{
return this.empNum+" "+this.firstName.trim()+" "+this.lastName.trim()+" rate: "+this.payRate;
}
}DOS2d.java
/* File: DOS2d.java
This program instantiates a Taxpayer object, then calculates a weekly
tax withholding amount using the calcTax() method of the Taxpayer class.
This program demonstrates reading records from a sequential data file.
This program uses several classes that are in the java.io package. To
help the compiler resolve these external references, the import statement
is used. The import statement makes classes and interfaces from the
specified package available to the compiler.
The documentation of a class will tell you what package the class is in.
Any class that is in the java.lang package is available automatically.
You need an import statement for any class (or interface) that is in any
package other than java.lang.
*/
import java.io.*; // import classes and interfaces from the java.io package
public class DOS2d
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception // this method throws Exception objects to its caller
{
int hours;
String record;
Taxpayer subject;
FileReader reader;
BufferedReader in;
reader=new FileReader("Taxpayer.dat"); // specify local file name: Taxpayer.dat
in=new BufferedReader(reader); // open the file so we can read its records
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record has any characters
{
subject=new Taxpayer(record); // pass record data, instantiate taxpayer object
System.out.println("Taxpayer: "+subject.getName());
System.out.println("Pay rate: "+subject.getPayRate()+"\n");
System.out.println("Hours worked?");
hours=Utility.readInt(); // ask for hours worked; keyboard input
System.out.println("\n"+subject.getName()+" taxes: "+subject.calcTax(hours));
System.out.print(subject.getName()+" formatted: ");
System.out.println(Utility.padString(subject.calcTax(hours),10,2)+"\n\n");
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
}Taxpayer.java
/* File: Taxpayer.java
This class includes tax tables. It includes a calcTax() method which will
calculate the weekly withholding tax for a taxpayer.
To calculate the weekly withholding tax:
calculate weekly gross pay: gross=hours*payRate
estimate annual gross pay: annualized=gross*52
use tax brackets to estimate annual tax
-18550 in annualized gross is taxed at 15%
-44900 marginal rate of 28%
>44900 marginal rate of 33%
calculate weekly withholding: weeklyTax=annualTax/52
*/
public class Taxpayer extends Employee // subclass the Employee class
{
private static final double TAXRATE1=.15; // class variable (3 tax rates)
private static final double TAXRATE2=.28;
private static final double TAXRATE3=.33;
private static final double TAXLIMIT1=18550; // upper limits of tax brackets
private static final double TAXLIMIT2=44900;
public Taxpayer(String s) // constructor, accepts String parameter
{
this.empNum=new Integer(s.substring(0,5)); // extract substrings from record
// empNum is inherited from Employee
this.firstName=s.substring(5,20); // properties inherited from NewerPerson
this.lastName=s.substring(20,35);
this.age=Integer.parseInt(s.substring(35,37));
this.payRate=Double.parseDouble(s.substring(37,43));
}
public double calcTax(int hours) // receive one int parameter
{
double gross,annualized,annualTax,weeklyTax; // declare several primitive double items
gross=hours*this.payRate; // 1. calculate weekly gross pay
annualized=gross*52; // 2. annualize it
if(annualized<=Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT1) // 3. now handle marginal brackets
{
annualTax=Taxpayer.TAXRATE1*gross; // lowest bracket, simple
}
else
{
if(annualized<=Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT2)
{ // middle bracket; use marginal rate!
annualTax=Taxpayer.TAXRATE1*Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT1+
Taxpayer.TAXRATE2*(annualized-Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT1);
}
else
{ // highest bracket
annualTax=Taxpayer.TAXRATE1*Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT1+
Taxpayer.TAXRATE2*(Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT2-Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT1)+
Taxpayer.TAXRATE3*(annualized-Taxpayer.TAXLIMIT2);
}
}
weeklyTax=annualTax/52; // 4. calculate weekly tax
return weeklyTax; // return a float value
}
}
Taxpayer.dat
Taxpayer.dat (fixed-length fields)
each record consists of:
characters 0- 4: employee number
-19: first name
-34: last name
-36: age
-42: pay rate
George Washington 54295.00
Benjamin Franklin 61149.95RandomNumbers.java
/* file: RandomNumbers.java
This program generates a list of random numbers without replacement. This program is a text-based
application. It uses the user-defined RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement class, which contains all
of the functionality one needs to get random numbers (without replacement).
*/
public class RandomNumbers
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println();
System.out.print("Enter the desired lower limit of your range of random numbers: ");
int lower=Utility.readInt();
System.out.print(" and the upper limit: ");
int upper=Utility.readInt();
// instantiate a (user-defined) RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement object
RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement list=new RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement(lower,upper);
// get random numbers, one at a time
int ran=list.next();
while(ran>-1)
{
System.out.println(ran);
ran=list.next();
}
System.out.println();
}
}RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement.java
/* file: RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement.java
Re-usable class to generate a list of random numbers without replacement.
The two steps to using this class are:
instantiate a RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement object. There are two options for this:
- pass a single integer indicating the desired number of random numbers
- pass two integers, indicating the low number and the high number in the desired range
RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement list=new RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement(16);
will set up a list of random numbers in the range 0 through 15 (16 random numbers)
RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement list=new RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement(11,20);
will set up a list of random numbers in the range 11 through 20 (10 random numbers)
Call this class's next method to get the next random number.
int i=list.next();
*/
import java.util.*; // the Vector class is in the java.util package
public class RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement
{
private Vector v=new Vector(); // instantiate a Vector object
public RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement(int i) // constructor method that receives a single int,
{ // indicating desired number of random numbers
this(0,i-1); // call other constructor; random numbers will be in
} // the range 0 through i-1
public RandomNumbersWithoutReplacement(int low,int high) // constructor method that receives two primitive ints
{ // indicating beginning and ending values for the
// random numbers
if(high<low) // do a little error checking
{ // make sure that high is not less than low
high=low;
}
for(int j=low;j<=high;j++) // populate the vector with Integer objects
{
Integer val=new Integer(j); // instantiate next Integer object
v.addElement(val); // add it to the vector
}
}
public int next() // method to get next random number
{
if(v.size()==0) // if the vector is already empty,
{ // return a -1 (all the random numbers have
return -1; // already been used)
}
int ran=Math.floor(Math.random()*v.size()); // pick a random vector index
Integer val=(Integer) v.elementAt(ran); // get the Integer object from the vector
v.removeElementAt(ran); // remove the element from the vector
return val.intValue(); // and return an int value of the Integer object
}
}TriviaFileList.java
/* File: TriviaFileList.java
This text-based application reads Trivia events from the sequential file Trivia.fil
and displays output to the screen. Since Trivia.fil contains records with fixed-length fields,
the String class's substring method is used to extract fields from each record.
This program uses three classes from optional java packages, plus two methods from
the user-defined Utility.java:
- java.io.FileReader (textbook: page 672)
- java.io.BufferedReader (textbook: page 676)
- java.util.Date (textbook: page 586)
Some methods in the Data class have been deprecated, meaning that there is a newer (and
perhaps better) method, perhaps in some other class, that provides identical functionality.
The nice thing about the methods from the Date class is that they are easy to use. And they
still work -- deprecated does not mean obsolete.
You will get a warning from the compiler when you use deprecated methods. This is a warning,
not an error message.
*/
import java.io.*; // for java.io.BufferedReader and java.io.FileReader
import java.util.*; // for java.util.Date
public class TriviaFileList
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Date date=new Date(); // instantiate a Date object (some methods deprecated)
int todayMonth=date.getMonth()+1; // getMonth returns 0-11 (increment by 1 for 1-12)
int todayDay=date.getDate(); // day of the month (1-31)
// generate a heading
System.out.println("\n\nToday is " + Utility.getDayName(date.getDay()+1) + ", " +
Utility.getMonthName(todayMonth) + " " + todayDay + ", " + (date.getYear()+1900) + "\n");
System.out.println("On this day in history, the following events happened:\n");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Trivia.fil")); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
int month=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(0,2)); // extract substrings from data record
int day=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(3,5));
if(month==todayMonth && day==todayDay) // did this event happen on current month/day?
{
int year=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(6,10));
String event=record.substring(12); // extract the event
while(event.endsWith(" ")) // strip off trailing spaces
{
event=event.substring(0,event.length()-1);
}
System.out.println(year+" "+event); // generate a line of output
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
System.out.println("I/O exception");
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
System.out.println(); // final blank line
}
}Trivia.fil
01/01/1801 Giuseppe Piazzi discoved 1st asteroid, later named Ceres
01/01/1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland established
01/01/1804 Haiti gains its independence
01/01/1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln.
01/01/1892 Brooklyn merges with NY to form present City of NY Ellis Island became reception center for new immigrants
01/01/1901 Commonwealth of Australia established
01/01/1902 first Rose Bowl game held in Pasadena, California.
01/01/1912 first running of SF's famed "Bay to Breakers" race (7.63 miles)
01/01/1934 Alcatraz officially becomes a Federal Prison.
01/01/1956 Sudan gains its independence
01/01/1958 European Economic Community (EEC) starts operation.
01/01/1971 Cigarette advertisements banned on TV
01/01/1984 AT & T broken up into 8 companies.
01/01/1986 Spain & Portugal become 11th & 12th members of Common Market
01/02/1776 first American revolutionary flag displayed.
01/02/1788 Georgia is 4th state to ratify US constitution
01/02/1893 World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago
01/02/1921 DeYoung Museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park opens.
01/02/1936 first electron tube described, St Louis, Missouri
01/02/1959 USSR launches Mechta, 1st lunar probe & artificial in solar orbit
01/02/1968 Dr Christian Barnard performs 1st successful heart transplant
01/02/1972 Mariner 9 begins mapping Mars
01/03/1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by Roman Catholic Church
01/03/1777 Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, NJ
01/03/1852 First Chinese arrive in Hawaii.
01/03/1870 Brooklyn Bridge begun, completed on May 24, 1883
01/03/1888 1st drinking straw is patented.
01/03/1957 first electric watch introduced, Lancaster Pennsylvania
01/03/1959 Alaska becomes the 49th state.
01/03/1977 Apple Computer incorporated.
01/04/1754 Columbia University openes
01/04/1784 US treaty with Great Britain is ratified
01/04/1790 President Washington delivers first "State of the Union" speech.
01/04/1896 Utah becomes 45th state
01/04/1948 Burma gains independence from Britain (National Day)
01/04/1959 Soviet Luna 1 first craft to leave Earth's gravity
01/04/1982 Golden Gate Bridge closed for the 3rd time by fierce storm.
01/05/1809 Treaty of Dardanelles was concluded between Britain & France
01/05/1911 San Francisco has its first official airplane race.
01/05/1933 Work on Golden Gate Bridge begins, on Marin County side.
01/05/1969 USSR Venera 5 launched. 1st successful planet landing - Venus
01/05/1972 NASA announces development of Space Shuttle
01/05/1975 Salyut 4 with crew of 2 is launched for 30 days
01/06/1663 Great earthquake in New England
01/06/1838 first public demonstration of telegraph, by Samuel F. B. Morse
01/06/1914 Stock brokerage firm of Merrill Lynch founded.
01/06/1941 FDR names 4 freedoms (speech, religion; from want, from fear)
01/06/1942 first around world flight by Pan Am "Pacific Clipper"
01/07/1558 Calais, last English possession in France, retaken by French
01/07/1610 Galileo discovers 1st 3 moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa & Ganymede
01/07/1714 The typewriter is patented (it was built years later)
01/07/1785 1st balloon flight across the English Channel.
01/07/1822 Liberia colonized by Americans
01/07/1929 "Tarzan", one of the first adventure comic strips appears.
01/07/1963 First Class postage raised from 4 cents to 5 cents.
01/07/1968 First Class postage raised from 5 cents to 6 cents.
01/08/1815 Battle of New Orleans, made a hero out of Andrew Jackson (the War of 1812 had ended on 12/24/1814, but nobody knew that).
01/08/1880 The passing of Norton I, Emperor of the US, Protector of Mexico
01/08/1932 Ratification of present San Francisco City Charter.
01/08/1935 Spectrophotometer patented, by AC Hardy
01/08/1958 Cuban revolutionary forces capture Havana
01/08/1968 US Surveyor 7 lands near crater Tycho on moon
01/08/1973 USSR launches Luna 21 for moon landing
01/09/1788 Conneticut becomes 5th state
01/09/1793 Jean Pierre Blanchard makes 1st balloon flight in North America
01/09/1799 1st income tax imposed, in England.
01/09/1839 Thomas Henderson measures 1st stellar parallax Alpha Centauri
01/09/1839 The daguerrotype process announced at French Academy of Science
01/09/1843 Caroline Herschel, "1st lady of astronomy," dies at 98 in Germany
01/09/1847 first San Francisco paper, 'California Star', published.
01/09/1978 Commonwealth of Northern Marianas established
01/09/1982 5.9 earthquake in New England/Canada; last one was in 1855.
01/10/1776 "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine is published.
01/10/1840 The Penny Post mail system is started.
01/10/1863 1st underground railway opens in London.
01/10/1945 Los Angeles Railway (with 5 streetcar lines) forced to close.
01/10/1946 UN General Assembly meets for first time
01/10/1946 US Army establishes first radar contact with moon. It's there.
01/10/1949 first Jewish family show - The Goldberg's begin
01/10/1951 first jet passenger trip made
01/10/1969 USSR's Venera 6 launched for parachute landing on Venus
01/10/1978 Soyuz 27 is launched
01/11/1642 Isaac Newton is elected a member of Royal Society
01/11/1787 Titania & Oberon, moons of Uranus, discovered by William Herschel
01/11/1813 First pineapples planted in Hawaii.
01/11/1935 1st woman to fly solo across Pacific left Honolulu, AE Putnam
01/11/1935 Amelia Earhart flies from Hawaii to California, non-stop
01/11/1975 Soyuz 17 is launched
01/12/1777 Mission Santa Clara de Asis founded in California
01/12/1820 Royal Astronomical Society, founded in England
01/12/1986 24th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 7 is launched
01/13/1610 Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, 4th satellite of Jupiter
01/13/1630 Patent to Plymouth Colony issued
01/13/1854 Anthony Foss obtains patent for the Accordion.
01/13/1854 Anthony Foss obtains patent for accordion
01/13/1920 NY Times Editorial says rockets can never fly.
01/13/1930 Mickey Mouse comic strip first appears
01/13/1971 Apollo 14 launched (what was that about rockets can't fly??)
01/14/1784 Revolutionary War ends when Congress ratifies Treaty of Paris
01/14/1914 Henry Ford introduces the Assembly Line for his cars.
01/14/1936 L.M. "Mario" Giannini elected president of Bank of America.
01/14/1939 All commercial ferry service to the East Bay ends.
01/14/1969 Soyuz 4 is launched
01/15/1535 Henry VIII declares himself head of English Church
01/15/1759 British Museum opens
01/15/1778 Nootka Sound discovered by Capt. Cook
01/15/1861 Steam elevator patented by Elisha Otis
01/15/1927 Dunbarton Bridge, 1st bridge in Bay Area, opens.
01/15/1948 World's largest office building, The Pentagon, is completed.
01/15/1968 Soyuz 5 launched
01/16/1883 Pendleton Act creates basis of federal civil service system
01/16/1887 Cliff House badly damaged when a cargo of gunpowder on the schooner "Parallel" explodes nearby.
01/16/1920 18th Amendment, prohibition, goes into effect; repealed in 1933
01/16/1969 Soviet Soyuz 4 & Soyuz 5 perform 1st transfer of crew in space
01/16/1973 USSR's Lunakhod begins radio-controlled exploration of moon
01/16/1979 Iranian revolution overthrows shah.
01/16/1991 US led air forces begin raids on Iraq in response to Iraq's August 1990 takeover of Kuwait.
01/17/1773 Capt James Cook becomes 1st to cross Antarctic Circle (66ø 33' S)
01/17/1852 British recognize independence of Transvaal (in South Africa)
01/17/1861 Flush toilet is patented by Mr. Thomas Crapper (Honest!!).
01/17/1871 1st Cable Car is patented by Andrew S. Hallidie.
01/17/1893 Kingdom of Hawaii becomes a republic.
01/17/1899 US takes possession of Wake Island in Pacific
01/17/1943 It was Tin Can Drive Day.
01/17/1945 Liberation Day in Poland (end of Nazi occupation)
01/17/1957 Nine county commission recommends creation of BART.
01/17/1963 Joe Walker takes X-15 to altitude of 82 km
01/17/1976 Hermes rocket launched by ESA
01/18/1644 1st UFO sighting in America, by perplexed Pilgrims in Boston.
01/18/1778 Captain James Cook stumbles over the Hawaiian Islands.
01/18/1869 The elegant California Theatre opens in San Francisco.
01/18/1911 1st shipboard landing of a plane (from Tanforan Park to the USS Pennsylvania).
01/18/1919 Versailles Peace Conference, ending World War I
01/18/1956 Tunisian Revolution Day (National Day)
01/19/1903 1st regular transatlantic radio broadcast between US & England.
01/19/1921 Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras & El Salvador sign Pact of Union
01/20/1265 1st English Parliament, called by the Earl of Leicester
01/20/1872 California Stock Exchange Board organized.
01/20/1887 Pearl Harbor obtained by US from Hawaii for use as a naval base
01/20/1929 1st talking motion picture taken outdoors "In Old Arizona"
01/20/1937 Inauguration day, every 4th year
01/20/1981 US embassy hostages freed in Tehran after 444 days.
01/21/1813 The pineapple is introduced to Hawaii.
01/21/1954 The Nautilus launched, first nuclear submarine.
01/21/1962 Snow falls in San Francisco, believe it or not.
01/21/1979 Neptune becomes the outermost planet (Pluto moves closer).
01/22/1850 The Alta California becomes a daily paper, 1st such in Calif.
01/22/1939 Aquatic Park dedicated.
01/22/1968 Apollo 5 launched to moon, Unmanned lunar module tests made
01/22/1975 Lansat 2, an Earth Resources Technology Satellite, is launched
01/23/1579 Union of Utrecht signed, forming protestant Dutch Republic
01/23/1964 24th Amendment ratified, Barred poll tax in federal elections
01/24/1848 James Marshall finds gold in Sutter's Mill in Coloma, Calif
01/24/1899 The rubber heel is patented by Humphrey O'Sullivan.
01/24/1935 1st beer in cans is sold.
01/24/1982 San Francisco 49'ers win their 1st Super Bowl, 26-21.
01/24/1985 15th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 3 is launched
01/24/1986 Voyager 2 makes 1st fly-by of Uranus finds new moons, rings
01/25/1915 Alexander Bell in New York calls Thomas Watson in San Francisco.
01/25/1925 Largest diamond, Cullinan (3106 carets), found in South Africa
01/25/1949 first Emmy Awards are presented.
01/25/1949 first popular elections in Israel.
01/25/1959 first transcontinental commercial jet flight (LA to NY for $301).
01/25/1964 Echo 2, US communications satellite launched
01/26/1788 1st settlement established by the English in Australia.
01/26/1837 Michigan is admitted as the 26th of the United States
01/26/1841 Hong Kong was proclaimed a sovereign territory of Britain
01/26/1871 American income tax repealed. Would that it had lasted!
01/26/1950 India becomes a republic ceasing to be a British dominion
01/26/1954 Ground breaking begins on Disneyland
01/27/1880 Thomas Edison granted patent for an electric incandescent lamp
01/27/1888 National Geographic Society founded in Washington, DC
01/27/1926 1st public demonstration of television.
01/27/1948 1st Tape Recorder is sold.
01/27/1967 Apollo 1 fire kills astronauts Grissom, White & Chaffee
01/27/1973 US & Vietnam sign cease-fire, ending the longest US war
01/28/1807 London's Pall Mall is the 1st street lit by gaslight.
01/28/1821 Bellingshausen discovers Alexander Island off Antarctica
01/28/1878 George W. Coy hired as 1st full-time telephone operator.
01/28/1915 US Coast Guard established, Semper Paratus
01/28/1938 1st Ski Tow starts running (in Vermont).
01/28/1958 Construction began on 1st private thorium-uranium nuclear reactor
01/28/1960 first photograph bounced off moon, Washington DC
01/28/1986 Space Shuttle Challenger explodes, killing a brave crew and NASA.
01/29/1788 Australia Day
01/29/1861 Kansas becomes 34th state
01/29/1904 1st athletic letters given: to Univ of Chicago football team.
01/29/1920 Walt Disney starts 1st job as an artist $40 week with KC Slide Co
01/29/1959 Walt Disney's "Sleeping Beauty" is released
01/30/1847 Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco.
01/30/1862 US Navy's 1st ironclad warship, the "Monitor", launched.
01/30/1917 1st jazz record in United States is cut.
01/30/1969 US/Canada ISIS 1 launched to study ionosphere
01/31/1851 San Francisco Orphan's Asylum, 1st in California, founded.
01/31/1862 Telescope maker Alvin Clark discovers dwarf companion of Sirius
01/31/1871 Birds fly over the western part of San Francisco in such large numbers that they actually darken the sky.
01/31/1911 Congress passes resolution naming San Francisco as the site of the celebration of the opening of the Panama Canal.
01/31/1950 Pres Truman authorized production of H-Bomb
01/31/1958 1st U.S. satellite launched, Explorer I.
01/31/1958 James van Allen discovers radiation belt
01/31/1961 Ham the chimp is 1st animal sent into space by the US.
01/31/1966 Luna 9 launched for moon
01/31/1971 Apollo 14 launched, 1st landing in lunar highlands.
02/01/1709 Alexander Selkirk (aka Robinson Crusoe) rescued from Juan Fernand
02/01/1790 US Supreme Court convened for first time (NYC)
02/01/1865 13th amendment approved (National Freedom Day)
02/01/1867 Bricklayers start working 8-hour days.
02/01/1920 The first armored car is introduced.
02/01/1958 Egypt & Syria join to form United Arab Republic
02/01/1972 First scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) introduced
02/02/1848 First shipload of Chinese immigrants arrive in San Francisco.
02/02/1848 Mexico sells California, New Mexico and Arizona to the USA.
02/02/1876 National Baseball League formed with 8 teams.
02/02/1880 SS Strathleven arrives in London with first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia.
02/02/1935 Lie detector first used in court in Portage, Wisconsin
02/02/1962 Eight of the planets line up for the first time in 400 years.
02/03/1918 Twin Peaks Tunnel, longest (11,920 feet) streetcar tunnel in the world, begins service in San Francisco.
02/03/1945 Yalta Conference, Russia agrees to enter WWII against Japan
02/03/1966 Soviet Luna 9 first spacecraft to soft-land on moon
02/04/1887 Interstate Commerce Act: Federal regulation of railroads
02/04/1932 First Winter Olympics held (At Lake Placid, NY).
02/04/1936 First radioactive substance produced synthetically - radium E
02/04/1948 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) gains independence.
02/04/1957 First electric portable typewriter placed on sale, Syracuse NY
02/04/1974 Patricia Hearst kidnapped by Symbionese Liberation Army
02/05/1887 Snow falls on San Francisco.
02/05/1953 Walt Disney's "Peter Pan" released
02/05/1971 Apollo 14, 3rd manned expedition to moon, lands near Fra Mauro
02/05/1974 Mariner 10 takes first close-up photos of Venus' cloud structure
02/05/1979 According to Census Bureau, US population reaches 200 million
02/06/1693 College of William and Mary chartered in Williamsburg, Va
02/06/1900 Spanish-American War ends
02/06/1922 US, UK, France, Italy & Japan sign Washington Naval Arms Limitation Treaty
02/06/1952 Elizabeth II becomes queen of Great Britain
02/07/1889 Astronomical Society of Pacific holds first meeting in SF
02/07/1940 Walt Disney's "Pinocchio" released
02/08/1693 Charter granted for College of William & Mary, 2nd college in US
02/08/1883 Louis Waterman begins experiments that invent the fountain pen.
02/08/1908 Boy Scouts of America founded.
02/08/1922 Radio arrives in the White House.
02/08/1977 Earthquake, at 5.0, strongest since 1966.
02/09/1877 U.S. Weather Service is founded.
02/09/1885 First Japanese arrive in Hawaii.
02/09/1964 First appearance of the Beatles on Ed Sullivan
02/09/1969 The Boeing 747 makes its first commercial flight.
02/10/1720 Edmund Halley is appointed 2nd Astronomer Royal of England
02/10/1763 Treaty of Paris ends French & Indian War
02/10/1870 City of Anaheim incorporated (first time).
02/10/1879 First electric arc light used (in California Theater).
02/11/0660 Traditional founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno
02/11/1854 Major streets lit by coal gas for first time.
02/11/1929 Vatican City (world's Smallest Country) made an enclave of Rome
02/11/1970 Japan becomes 4th nation to put a satellite (Osumi) in orbit
02/12/1541 Santiago, Chile founded.
02/12/1924 Gershwin's "Rhapsody In Blue" premiers in Carnegie Hall
02/12/1934 Export-Import Bank incorporated.
02/12/1945 San Francisco selected for site of United Nations Conference.
02/12/1947 A daytime fireball & meteorite fall is seen in eastern Siberia
02/12/1961 USSR launches Venera 1 toward Venus
02/13/1741 First magazine published in America (The American Magazine)
02/13/1867 "Blue Danube" waltz premiers in Vienna
02/13/1937 "Prince Valiant" comic strip appears; known for historical detail and fine detail drawing. Thanks Hal.
02/14/1859 Oregon admitted as 33rd State
02/14/1876 Alexander Graham Bell files for a patent on the telephone.
02/14/1912 Arizona becomes 48th state
02/14/1961 Element 103, lawrencium, first produced in Berkeley California
02/14/1980 Solar Maximum Mission Observatory launched to study solar flares.
02/15/1861 Fort Point completed & garrisoned (but has never fired it's cannon in anger).
02/15/1898 USS Maine sinks in Havana harbor, cause unknown.
02/15/1917 San Francisco Public Library dedicated.
02/15/1950 Walt Disney's "Cinderella" released
02/15/1954 First bevatron in operation - Berkeley, California
02/16/1883 Ladies Home Journal begins publication.
02/16/1914 First airplane flight to Los Angeles from San Francisco.
02/16/1918 Lithuania proclaims its short-lived independence.
02/16/1923 Howard Carter finds the tomb of Pharoah Tutankhamun
02/16/1937 Nylon patented, WH Carothers
02/16/1946 First commercially designed helicopter tested, Bridgeport Ct
02/17/1870 Mississippi readmitted to U.S. after Civil War
02/17/1876 Sardines were first canned, in Eastport, Maine.
02/17/1878 First telephone exchange in San Francisco opens with 18 phones.
02/18/1850 Legislature creates the 9 San Francisco Bay Area counties.
02/18/1930 Pluto, the ninth planet, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.
02/18/1939 Golden Gate International Exposition opens on Treasure Island (which was built for the occasion) in San Francisco Bay.
02/19/1878 Thomas Alva Edison patents the phonograph.
02/19/1945 Marines land on Iwo Jima.
02/19/1977 President Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose").
02/20/1873 University of California gets its first Medical School (UC/SF).
02/20/1901 First territorial legislature of Hawaii convenes.
02/20/1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition opens in San Francisco.
02/20/1931 Congress allows California to build the Oakland-Bay Bridge.
02/20/1962 John Glenn is first American to orbit the Earth.
02/21/1804 First self-propelled locomotive on rails demonstrated, in Wales.
02/21/1878 First Telephone book is issued, in New Haven, Conn.
02/22/1900 Hawaii becomes a US Territory.
02/23/1887 Congress grants Seal Rocks to San Francisco.
02/23/1900 Steamer "Rio de Janiero" sinks in San Francisco Bay.
02/23/1958 Last SF Municipal arc light, over intersection of Mission & 25th Street, removed (it had been installed in 1913).
02/24/1857 Los Angeles Vineyard Society organized.
02/24/1942 Voice of America begins broadcasting (in German).
02/25/1919 Oregon is first state to tax gasoline (1 cent per gallon).
02/26/1863 President Lincoln signs the National Currency Act.
02/26/1933 Golden Gate Bridge ground-breaking ceremony.
02/27/1844 Dominican Republic gains it's independence.
02/27/1991 President Bush declares a cease-fire, halting the Gulf War.
02/28/1849 First steamship enters San Francisco Bay.
02/28/1883 First vaudeville theater opens.
02/28/1914 Construction begins on the Tower of Jewels for the Exposition.
02/28/1956 Forrester issued a patent for computer core memory.
03/01/1781 The Articles of Confederation adopted by Continental Congress.
03/01/1859 Present seal of San Francisco adopted (2nd seal for city).
03/01/1864 Patent issued for taking & projecting motion pictures to Louis Ducos du Hauron (he never did build such a machine, though).
03/01/1867 Nebraska becomes a state.
03/01/1872 Yellowstone becomes world's first national park
03/01/1961 President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.
03/01/1966 Venera 3 becomes the first manmade object to impact another planet - Venus.
03/01/1970 End of commercial whale hunting by the US. Japan, stop it!
03/01/1982 Soviet Venera 13 makes a soft landing on Venus.
03/02/1836 Texas declares independence from Mexico.
03/02/1861 Congress creates the Territory of Nevada.
03/02/1917 Puerto Rico territory created, US citizenship granted.
03/02/1929 US Court of Customs & Patent Appeals created by US Congress.
03/02/1949 First automatic street light installed. (In New Milford, CT)
03/02/1958 First surface crossing of the Antarctic continent ends.
03/02/1972 Pioneer 10 launched for Jupiter flyby.
03/02/1974 First Class postage raised to 10 cents from 8 cents.
03/02/1978 Soyuz 28 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Czechoslovakian) to Salyut 6
03/03/1791 Congress passed a resolution ordering U.S. Mint be established.
03/03/1812 Congress passes first foreign aid bill.
03/03/1845 Florida becomes 27th state
03/03/1849 Gold Coinage Act passed, allowing gold coins to be minted.
03/03/1851 Congress authorizes smallest US silver coin, the 3-cent piece.
03/03/1861 Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom
03/03/1863 Abraham Lincoln approves charter for National Academy of Sciences
03/03/1875 A 20-cent coin was authorized by Congress (It lasted 3 years).
03/03/1878 Bulgaria liberated from Turkey
03/03/1885 American Telephone and Telegraph incorporated.
03/03/1923 Time magazine publishes its first issue.
03/03/1931 "Star Spangled Banner" officially becomes US national anthem.
03/03/1956 Morocco gains its independence.
03/03/1969 Apollo 9 launched
03/03/1972 Pioneer 10 launched thru asteroid belt & Jupiter
03/04/1675 John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England.
03/04/1789 Congress declares the Constitution to be in effect.
03/04/1791 Vermont admitted as 14th state.
03/04/1792 Oranges introduced to Hawaii.
03/04/1793 Shortest inauguration speech, 133 words, Washington (2nd time).
03/04/1801 Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in Washington, DC.
03/04/1826 First US railroad chartered, the Granite Railway in Quincy, Mass.
03/04/1841 Longest inauguration speech, 8443 words, William Henry Harrison.
03/04/1861 Confederate States adopt "Stars & Bars" flag
03/04/1902 American Automobile Association (AAA) founded.
03/04/1933 Roosevelt inaugurated, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
03/04/1934 Easter Cross on Mt. Davidson dedicated.
03/04/1955 First radio facsimile transmission is sent across the continent.
03/04/1959 Pioneer 4 makes first US lunar flyby.
03/04/1968 Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 5 launched
03/04/1977 First CRAY 1 supercomputer shipped to Los Alamos Labs, NM
03/04/1979 US Voyager I photo reveals Jupiter's rings
03/05/1616 Corpernicus' DE REVOLUTIONIBUS placed on Catholic forbidden index
03/05/1770 Boston Massacre
03/05/1845 Congress appropriates $30,000 to ship camels to western US.
03/05/1908 1st ascent of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica
03/05/1933 FDR proclaims 10-day bank holiday.
03/05/1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech
03/05/1979 Voyager I's closest approach to Jupiter
03/06/1665 "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" was first published, and is still published today.
03/06/1836 Alamo falls. Remember it!
03/06/1857 Dred Scott decision rendered.
03/06/1986 Soviet Vega 1 probe passes within 10,000 km of Halley's comet
03/07/1778 James Cook first sights Oregon coast, at Yaquina Bay
03/07/1848 In Hawaii, the Great Mahele (division of lands) is signed.
03/07/1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.
03/07/1912 Roald Amundsen announces the discovery of the South Pole
03/07/1926 First transatlantic telephone call (London-New York)
03/07/1933 The game "Monopoly" is invented.
03/07/1936 Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles, sends troops to Rhineland
03/07/1962 US Orbiting Solar Observatory is launched.
03/07/1981 Walter Cronkite's final CBS anchor appearance. Still unequaled.
03/08/1862 The Confederate ironclad "Merrimack" launched.
03/08/1917 US invades Cuba, for third time. No wonder they're paranoid.
03/08/1934 Edwin Hubble photo shows as many galaxies as Milky Way has stars
03/08/1965 First US forces arrive in Vietnam. Oh unhappy day!
03/08/1976 Largest observed falling single stony meteorite (Jiling, China)
03/09/1497 Nicolaus Copernicus first recorded astronomical observation.
03/09/1796 Napoleon Bonaparte marries Josephine de Beauharnais
03/09/1822 Charles Graham of NY granted patent for artificial teeth
03/09/1862 The ironclads "Monitor" (Union) & "Merrimack" (Rebel) battle in Hampton Roads. It was a standoff.
03/09/1954 Edward R. Murrow criticizes Senator McCarthy (See it Now)
03/09/1961 Sputnik 9 carries Chernushka (dog) into orbit
03/09/1979 First extraterrestrial volcano found, (Jupiter's satellite Io).
03/10/1847 First money minted in Hawaii.
03/10/1849 Abraham Lincoln applies for a patent, only US president to do so.
03/10/1876 First telephone call, made by Alexander Graham Bell
03/10/1933 Big earthquake in Long Beach (W.C. Fields was making a movie when it struck & the cameras kept running).
03/10/1977 Rings of Uranus discovered during occultation of SAO
03/11/1810 Emperor Napoleon married by proxy to Archduchess Marie Louise
03/11/1861 Confederate convention in Montgomery, adopts constitution
03/11/1867 Great Mauna Loa eruption (volcano in Hawaii).
03/11/1892 First public game of basketball.
03/11/1938 Germany invades Austria.
03/11/1941 FDR signs Lend-Lease Bill with England.
03/11/1942 Gen MacArthur leaves Bataan for Australia.
03/11/1960 Pioneer 5 launched; orbits sun between Earth & Venus
03/11/1985 Mikhail Gorbachev replaces Konstantin Chernenko.
03/12/1850 First $20 Gold piece issued.
03/12/1868 Congress abolishes manufacturers tax
03/12/1912 Girl Guides (Girl Scouts) founded in Savanah Ga
03/12/1925 First transatlantic radio broadcast.
03/12/1936 FDR conducts his first "Fireside Chat"
03/12/1981 Soyuz T-4 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station
03/13/1639 Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard.
03/13/1677 Massachusets gains title to Maine for $6,000.
03/13/1852 Uncle Sam makes his debut in the New York "Lantern"
03/13/1877 Chester Greenwood patents ear muffler
03/13/1884 US adopts standard time
03/13/1925 Law passed in Tennessee prohibiting teaching evolution
03/13/1930 Clyde Tombaugh announces discovery of Pluto at Lowell Observatory
03/13/1970 Digital Equipment Corp introduces the PDP-11 minicomputer.
03/13/1986 Soyuz T-15 launched
03/14/1629 Royal charter grants Massachusets Bay Colony
03/14/1644 Royal patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island).
03/14/1794 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin
03/14/1870 Legislature approves act making Golden Gate Park possible.
03/14/1896 Sutro Baths opens by Cliff House (closed Sept 1, 1952).
03/14/1900 US currency goes on gold standard
03/14/1903 First national bird reserve established in Sebastian, Florida
03/14/1923 President Harding is the first president to file his income tax.
03/14/1948 Freedom Train arrives in San Francisco.
03/14/1965 Israeli cabinet approves diplomatic relations with W Germany
03/14/1983 OPEC cuts oil prices for first time in 23 years.
03/15/1944 Julius C‘sar assassinated in Roman Senate. Et tu, Brute?
03/15/1820 Maine admitted as 23rd state
03/15/1913 Woodrow Wilson holds the first Presidential Press Conference.
03/15/1916 Pershing and 15,000 troops chase Pancho Villa into Mexico.
03/15/1917 Nicholas II, last Russian tsar, abdicates
03/15/1937 First blood bank established, Chicago, Illinois
03/15/1956 My Fair Lady opens in New York.
03/15/1960 Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve established (first underwater park)
03/15/1968 US Mint stops buying and selling gold.
03/15/1968 US Mint stops buying and selling gold.
03/15/1999 Pluto again becomes the outermost planet.
03/16/1621 First Indian appears at Plymouth, Massachusets
03/16/1802 Law signed to establish US Military Academy at West Point, NY
03/16/1827 First US black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, New York
03/16/1916 US and Canada sign Migratory Bird Treaty
03/16/1926 Robert Goddard launches first liquid fuel rocket - 184 feet
03/16/1935 Hitler orders German rearmament, violating Versailles Treaty
03/16/1966 Gemini 8 launched with 2 astronauts
03/16/1975 US Mariner 10 makes 3rd, and final, fly-by of Mercury.
03/17/1906 President Theodore Roosevelt first uses the term "muckrake".
03/17/1910 Camp Fire Girls are organized.
03/17/1941 National Gallery of Art opens in Washington, DC
03/17/1950 Element 98 (Californium) is announced.
03/17/1958 Vanguard 1 measures shape of Earth
03/17/1959 Dalai Lama flees Tibet for India
03/17/1966 US sub locates missing hydrogen bomb in Mediterranean.
03/17/1969 Golda Meir becomes Israeli Prime Minister.
03/18/1541 de Soto is first European to record flooding of the Mississippi
03/18/1766 Britain repeals Stamp Act, partial cause of American Revolution.
03/18/1850 American Express founded.
03/18/1850 American Express founded
03/18/1881 Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth opens in Madison Square Garden in New York City.
03/18/1892 Lord Stanley proposes silver cup challenge for Hockey
03/18/1909 Einar Dessau of Denmark - first ham broadcaster.
03/18/1931 First electric razor marketed by Schick.
03/18/1938 Mexico takes control of foreign-owned oil properties.
03/18/1952 First plastic lens for cataract patients fitted, Philadelphia.
03/18/1959 Pres Eisenhower signs Hawaii statehood bill
03/18/1965 Russia launches 2nd Voshkod, first spacewalk - Aleksei Leonov.
03/19/1822 Boston, Mass incorporated
03/19/1859 Faust by Charles Gounod premiers in Paris
03/19/1917 US Supreme Court upheld 8 hour work day for the railroads.
03/19/1918 Congress authorizes time zones & approves daylight time
03/19/1920 US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time
03/19/1928 Amos & Andy debuts on radio
03/19/1928 'Amos and Andy' debut on radio.
03/19/1931 Nevada legalized gambling
03/19/1949 First museum devoted exclusively to atomic energy, Oak Ridge, TN
03/20/1760 Great Fire of Boston destroys 349 buildings
03/20/1833 US and Siam conclude their first commercial treaty
03/20/1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's `Uncle Tom's Cabin,' published
03/20/1886 First commercial AC-power plant begins operation
03/20/1942 MacArthur vowes to Phillipinos, "I shall return"
03/21/1851 Yosemite Valley discovered in California, paradise found.
03/21/1965 US Ranger 9 launched takes 5,814 pictures before lunar impact
03/21/1965 Martin Luther King Jr begins march from Selma to Montgomery
03/22/1621 Massasoit & Pilgrims agree on league of friendship (Plymouth)
03/22/1733 Joseph Priestly (father of soda pop) invents carbonated water.
03/22/1765 Britain enacts the now infamous Stamp Act
03/22/1778 Captain Cook sights Cape Flattery, in Washington state
03/22/1882 Congress outlaws polygamy. Male longevity increases.
03/22/1941 Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state goes into operation
03/22/1945 Arab League is founded
03/22/1946 Jordan (formerly Transjordan) gains independence from Britain.
03/22/1957 Earthquake gives San Francisco the shakes.
03/22/1960 Schawlow and Townes obtain a patent for the laser.
03/22/1963 Beatles release their first album, Please Please Me
03/22/1968 President Johnson's daughter, Lynda, ordered off Cable Car because she was eating an ice cream cone (no food on cars!).
03/22/1977 Indira Gandhi resigns as PM of India
03/22/1978 Robert Frost Plaza, at California, Drumm & Market, dedicated.
03/22/1981 First Class Postage raised from 15 cents to 18 cents.
03/22/1981 Soyuz 39 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Mongolian) to Salyut 6.
03/22/1982 3rd Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 3 launched
03/23/1743 George Frederic Handel's oratorio "Messiah" premieres in London.
03/23/1752 Pope Stephen II elected to succeed Zacharias, dies 2 days later.
03/23/1775 Patrick Henry asks for Liberty or Death.
03/23/1806 Lewis the Clark reach the Pacific coast.
03/23/1840 First photo of moon is taken.
03/23/1919 Benito Mussolini founds the Fascist movement in Milan, Italy.
03/23/1929 First telephone installed in the White House.
03/23/1933 German Reichstag grantes Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers.
03/23/1944 Nicholas Alkemade falls 5,500 m without a parachute and lives.
03/23/1956 Pakistan becomes independent within British Commonwealth.
03/23/1962 President John F. Kennedy visits San Francisco.
03/23/1965 Gemini 3 blasts off, first US 2-man space flight.
03/23/1976 International Bill of Rights goes into effect, 35 nations ratify.
03/24/1765 Britain enacts Quartering Act
03/24/1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovers bacillus cause of TB
03/24/1882 German Robert Koch discovers bacillus, cause of Tuberculosis.
03/24/1934 FDR grants future independence to Philippines
03/24/1955 Tennessee Williams, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" opens on Broadway.
03/24/1965 US Ranger 9 strikes moon 10 miles NE of crater Alphonsus
03/24/1972 Great Britain imposes direct rule over Northern Ireland
03/24/1976 Argentine President Isabel Peron deposed by country's miltitary.
03/24/1986 Libya attacks US forces in Gulf of Sidra. US 2, Libya 0.
03/25/1634 Maryland founded as a Catholic colony
03/25/1655 Christiaan Huygens discovers Titan, (Saturn's largest satelite)
03/25/1821 Greece gains its independence.
03/25/1857 Frederick Laggenheim takes the 1st photograph of a solar eclipse
03/25/1951 Purcell and Ewen detect 21-cm radiation at Harvard physics lab
03/25/1954 RCA manufactures the first COLOR television.
03/25/1955 East Germany granted full sovereignty by occupying power, USSR
03/25/1960 First guided missile launched from nuclear powered sub (Halibut)
03/26/1845 Adhesive medicated plaster patented, precusor of bandaid.
03/26/1878 Hastings College of Law founded.
03/26/1885 Eastman Film Company makes first commercial motion picture film
03/26/1937 Spinach growers of Crystal City, Tx, erect statue of Popeye
03/26/1953 Dr Jonas Salk announces new vaccine against polio
03/26/1958 Army launched US's 3rd successful satellite Explorer III
03/26/1970 Golden Gate Park Conservatory made a City Landmark.
03/26/1971 East Pakistan proclaimed independence taking name Bangladesh
03/26/1979 Camp David peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
03/26/1982 Groundbreaking in Washington DC for Vietnam Veterans Memorial
03/27/1512 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon sights Florida.
03/27/1625 Charles I King of England Scotland & Ireland ascends to throne
03/27/1794 The US Navy is founded. Anchors Aweigh!
03/27/1802 Asteroid Pallas discovered by Heinrich Olbers
03/27/1807 Asteroid Vesta discovered by Olbers
03/27/1836 First Mormon temple dedicated in Kirtland, Ohio.
03/27/1855 Abraham Gesner receives a patent for kerosene
03/27/1860 ML Byrn patents the corkscrew. Bless you sir!
03/27/1933 US Farm Credit Administration authorized.
03/27/1964 Earthquake strikes Alaska, 8.4 on Richter scale.
03/27/1968 SF Japanese Trade and Cultural Center (Japan Center) dedicated.
03/27/1972 Soviet spacecraft Venera 8 launched to Venus
03/27/1980 Mount St. Helens becomes active after 123 years
03/28/1794 Nathan Briggs gets patent for the washing machine.
03/28/1930 Constantinople and Angora change names to Istanbul and Ankara.
03/28/1939 Spanish Civil War ends, facist Francisco Franco wins
03/29/1871 Albert Hall opens it's doors in London.
03/29/1886 Coca-Cola is created (with cocaine). It satisfies your craving.
03/29/1961 23rd Amendment ratified, Washington DC can vote for the president
03/29/1973 US troops leave Vietnam, 9 yrs after Tonkin Resolution
03/29/1974 Mariner 10's first fly-by of Mercury, returns photos
03/30/1842 Dr. Crawford Long, first uses ether as an anesthetic.
03/30/1853 Patent granted to Hyman Lipman for a pencil with an ERASER!
03/30/1867 US purchases Alaska for $7,200,000 (Seward's Folly)
03/30/1870 15th Amendment passed, guarantees right to vote to all races
03/30/1932 Amelia Earhart is 1st woman to fly across the Atlantic solo
03/30/1950 Invention of the Phototransistor is announced at Murray Hill, NJ
03/31/1854 Commodore Perry makes Japan opens its ports to foreign trade
03/31/1870 Thomas P Mundy became 1st black to vote in US (Perth Amboy NJ)
03/31/1880 Wabash Ind - first town completely illuminated by electric light
03/31/1889 Eiffel Tower completed.
03/31/1932 Ford publicly unveils its first V-8 engine
03/31/1933 Congress authorizes Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
03/31/1943 Rodgers & Hammerstein musical "Oklahoma!" opens on Broadway
03/31/1949 Newfoundland becomes 10th Canadian province
03/31/1963 Los Angeles ends streetcar service after nearly 90 years.
03/31/1966 USSR launches Luna 10, first spacecraft to orbit moon
04/01/1778 Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans Businessman, creates the "$".
04/01/1850 San Francisco County Government established.
04/01/1853 Cincinnati became first US city with salaried firefighters
04/01/1918 Royal Air Force established
04/01/1952 "Big Bang" theory published by Alpher, Bethe and Gamow
04/01/1960 TIROS I (Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite) launched to improve weather prediction.
04/01/1964 USSR launches Zond 1 towards Venus
04/01/1971 US/Canada ISIS II launched to study ionosphere
04/01/1979 Iran proclaimed an Islamic Republic following fall of the Shah
04/02/1513 Florida discovered, claimed for Spain by Ponce de Le¢n
04/02/1792 Congress establishes Coin denominations and authorizes US Mint
04/02/1935 Watson Watt granted a patent for RADAR.
04/02/1958 NACA renamed NASA
04/02/1972 Apollo 16's Young and Duke land on the moon and hot-rod with the Boeing Lunar Rover #2
04/03/1910 Highest mountain in North America, Alaska's Mt McKinley climbed
04/03/1948 Harry Truman signs Marshall Plan (Aid to Europe)
04/03/1966 USSR's Luna 10 becomes the first craft to orbit the Moon
04/03/1982 UN Security Council demands Argentina withdraw from Falklands.
04/04/1818 Congress decided US flag is 13 red and white stripes and 20 stars
04/04/1860 Pony Express begins service, from St. Joseph, Missouri.
04/04/1870 Golden Gate Park established by City Order #800.
04/04/1902 Cecil Rhodes scholarship fund established with $10 million
04/04/1949 NATO established
04/04/1983 Maiden voyage of STS Space shuttle Challenger
04/05/1614 Indian princess Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe
04/05/1973 Pioneer 11 blasts off toward Jupiter
04/05/1991 Atlantis lifts off carrying the 17.5 ton Gamma Ray Observatory.
04/06/0648 BC Earliest total solar eclipse chronicled by Greeks is observed
04/06/1663 Kings Charles II signs Carolina Charter
04/06/1862 Battle of Shiloh.
04/06/1868 Brigham Young marries number 27, his final wife.
04/06/1896 First modern Olympics
04/06/1906 First animated cartoon copyrighted
04/06/1909 North Pole reached by Americans Robert Peary and Matthew Henson
04/06/1909 First credit union established in US
04/06/1917 US declares war on Germany (WWI)
04/06/1926 4 planes take off on first successful around-the-world flight.
04/06/1957 New York City ends trolley car service.
04/06/1965 Intelsat 1 ("Early Bird") first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite
04/06/1973 Pioneer 11 launched to Jupiter and Saturn
04/07/1931 Seals Stadium opens.
04/07/1933 Prohibition ends. "Gimme a beer, Mac."
04/07/1948 World Health Organization is established.
04/07/1953 First jet transatlantic non-stop flight (west to east)
04/07/1959 NASA selects first seven astronauts
04/07/1959 Radar first bounced off sun, from Stanford California.
04/08/1513 Ponce de Leon arrives in Florida.
04/08/1913 17th Amendment, requiring direct election of senators, ratified
04/08/1974 Hank Aaron hits 715th home run, beats Babe Ruth's record.
04/08/1986 Clint Eastwood elected mayor of Carmel, California.
04/09/1831 Robert Jenkins loses an ear: war between Britain and Spain.
04/09/1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox, ending Civil War.
04/09/1953 TV Guide publishes their first issue.
04/09/1955 United Nations Charter hearing.
04/10/1790 US Patent system established
04/10/1825 First hotel in Hawaii opens.
04/10/1849 Safety pin is patented by Walter Hunt.
04/10/1866 ASPCA (Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) organized.
04/10/1878 California Street Cable Car Railroad Company starts service.
04/10/1882 Matson founds his shipping company (San Francisco and Hawaii)
04/10/1912 RMS Titanic sets sail for its first and last voyage
04/10/1930 Synthetic rubber first produced
04/10/1953 House of Wax, first 3-D movie, released in New York.
04/10/1960 Senate passes landmark Civil Rights Bill
04/11/1876 Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks organized.
04/11/1943 Frank Piasecki, flies his first single-rotor helicopter
04/11/1947 Jackie Robinson becomes first black in major league baseball.
04/11/1970 Apollo 13 launched to moon; unable to land, returns in 6 days
04/12/1204 4th Crusade sacks Constantinople
04/12/1861 Fort Sumter, S. C., shelled by Confederacy, starts Civil War.
04/12/1877 British annex Transvaal, in South Africa
04/12/1898 Army transfers Yerba Buena Island to Navy.
04/12/1933 Moffatt Field (Naval Air Station) is commissioned.
04/12/1938 First US law requiring medical tests for marriage licenses, NY
04/12/1955 Salk polio vaccine safe and effective; four billion dimes marched
04/12/1961 Cosmonaut Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin becomes first man in orbit.
04/12/1981 Maiden voyage Space Transit System-space shuttle Columbia.
04/13/1796 First elephant brought to America
04/13/1829 English Parliament grants freedom of religion to Catholics
04/13/1976 $2 bill re-introduced as United States currency, failed again.
04/14/1611 Word "telescope" is first used by Prince Federico Cesi
04/14/1817 First American school for deaf (Hartford, Conn)
04/14/1828 First edition of Noah Webster's dictionary is published.
04/14/1860 First Pony Express rider arrives in SF from St. Joseph, Missouri.
04/14/1865 Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theater.
04/14/1894 First public showing of Edison's kinetoscope (moving pictures).
04/14/1956 Ampex Co. demonstrates first commercial videotape recorder.
04/14/1971 Fort Point dedicated as first National Park in SF Bay Area.
04/14/1981 First Space Shuttle - Columbia 1 returns to Earth.
04/15/1598 Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots
04/15/1790 First US patent law passed
04/15/1850 City of San Francisco incorporated.
04/15/1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 AM.
04/15/1923 Insulin becomes generally available for diabetics.
04/15/1923 First talking picture is screened before a paying audience.
04/15/1955 Ray Kroc starts the McDonald's fast food restaurants.
04/15/1983 Tokyo Disneyland opens
04/16/1705 Queen Anne of England knights Isaac Newton at Trinity College,
04/16/1866 Nitroglycerine at the Wells Fargo and Co. office explodes.
04/16/1912 Harriet Quimby flies English Channel, first woman to do so
04/16/1917 Lenin returns to Russia to start Bolshevik Revolution
04/16/1972 Apollo 16 launched; 5th lunar landing at Decartes Highlands
04/17/1492 Christopher Columbus contracts with Spain to find the Indies.
04/17/1524 New York Harbor discovered by Giovanni Verrazano.
04/17/1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, ends first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895).
04/17/1941 Office of Price Administration established (handled rationing)
04/17/1946 France grants Syria independence (Natl Day)
04/17/1961 Bay of Pigs, how not to run an invasion.
04/18/1775 'The British are Coming!' Paul Revere rides.
04/18/1868 San Francisco Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals born.
04/18/1869 First International Cricket Match, held in SF, won by Californian
04/18/1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, "The Big One"
04/18/1907 Fairmont Hotel opens.
04/18/1934 First "Washateria" (laundromat) is opened, in Fort Worth, Texas
04/18/1936 The Pan Am "Clipper" begins regular passenger flights from San Francisco to Honolulu.
04/18/1946 League of Nations went out of business, replaced by UN
04/18/1949 Irish Republic comes into existence
04/18/1950 First transatlantic jet passenger trip
04/18/1978 U S Senate approves transfer of Panama Canal to Panama
04/19/1775 At Lexington Common, the shot 'heard round the world'.
04/19/1852 California Historical Society founded.
04/19/1892 Charles Duryea takes the first American-made auto out for a spin.
04/19/1934 Shirley Temple appears in her first movie, "Stand Up and Cheer"
04/19/1939 Connecticut approves the Bill of Rights (only 148 years late).
04/19/1967 US Surveyor III lands on moon
04/20/1775 British begin siege of Boston
04/20/1902 Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radioactive element radium
04/20/1940 First electron microscope demonstrated, Philadelphia, Pa
04/20/1973 Canadian ANIK A2 became first commercial satellite in orbit
04/20/1978 Korean Air Lines 707 forced to land; violated Soviet airspace
04/21/0753 BC - Rome founded.
04/21/1828 Noah Webster publishes first American dictionary
04/21/1857 A. Douglas patents the bustle (it's all behind us now).
04/21/1862 Congress establishes US Mint in Denver, Colorado.
04/21/1892 First buffalo born in Golden Gate Park.
04/21/1898 Spanish American war begins (Remember the Maine).
04/21/1967 Svetlana Alliluyeva (Stalin's daughter) defected in NYC
04/21/1972 Orbiting Astronomical Observer 4 (Copernicus) is launched
04/21/1977 Broadway play "Annie" opens, first of 2377 performances
04/21/1983 Soyuz T-8 is launched
04/21/1984 Franz Weber of Austria skis downhill at a record 209.8 kph
04/22/1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil
04/22/1509 Henry VIII ascends to throne of England
04/22/1529 Spain & Portugal divide eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragossa
04/22/1864 US Congress authorized "In God We Trust" on coinage
04/22/1889 Oklahoma land rush officially started; some were Sooner
04/23/1871 Blossom Rock in San Francisco Bay blown up.
04/23/1949 Courtesy Mail Boxes for motorists started in San Francisco.
04/23/1962 First US satellite to reach moon launched from Cape Canaveral
04/23/1965 Launch of first Soviet communications satelite
04/23/1967 Soyuz 1 launched, Vladimir Komarov becomes 1st inflight casualty
04/23/1972 Apollo 16 astronauts explores Moon surface
04/24/1800 Library of Congress founded with a $5000 allocation.
04/24/1865 SF Fire Alarm and Police Telegraph system put into operation.
04/24/1934 Wind gusts reach 372 kph at Mt Washington, NH
04/24/1953 Winston Churchill knighted by Queen Elizabeth II
04/24/1962 MIT sends TV signal by satellite for first time: CA to MA
04/24/1970 China launchs first satellite, transmitting song "East is Red".
04/24/1981 The IBM Personal Computer (PC) is introduced.
04/24/1990 Hubble Space Telescope put into orbit by shuttle Discovery.
04/25/1901 New York becomes first state requiring license plates for cars
04/25/1945 United Nations Conference starts.
04/25/1957 First experimental sodium nuclear reactor is operated.
04/25/1959 St Lawrence Seaway opens to shipping
04/25/1961 Mercury/Atlas rocket lifted off with an electronic mannequin.
04/25/1961 Robert Noyce granted a patent for the integrated circuit.
04/25/1972 Glider pilot Hans Grosse flies a record 1461 km
04/25/1975 First Boeing Jetfoil service, Hong Kong to Macao.
04/26/1607 First British to establish an American colony land at Cape Henry.
04/26/1777 16 year old Sybil Ludington rode from NY to CT rallying her father's militia to fight British in Danbury.
04/26/1920 Shapley and Curtis hold the "Great Debate" on nature of nebulae.
04/26/1954 Nationwide test of the Salk anti-polio begins.
04/26/1962 US/UK launched Ariel; first Intl payload.
04/26/1971 San Francisco Lightship replaced by automatic buoy.
04/26/1986 Chernobyl - world's worst nuclear power plant disaster.
04/27/1565 First Spanish settlement in Phillipines, Cebu City.
04/27/1897 Grant's Tomb (famed of song and legend) is dedicated.
04/27/1937 US Social Security system makes its first benefit payment.
04/27/1945 Founding of the Second Republic, in Austria.
04/27/1946 First radar installation aboard a commercial ship installed.
04/27/1960 First atomic-electric drive submarine launched (Tullibee).
04/27/1986 Captain Midnight (John R MacDougall) interrupts HBO.
04/27/4977 BC - Johannes Kepler's date for creation of universe.
04/28/0585 War between Lydia and Media is ended by a solar eclipse.
04/28/1686 First volume of Isaac Newton's PRINCIPIA is published.
04/28/1754 Mutiny on the HMS Bounty occurs.
04/28/1914 W. H. Carrier patents air conditioner.
04/28/1919 First successful parachute jump is made.
04/28/1942 "WW II" titled so, as result of Gallup Poll.
04/28/1947 Thor Heyerdahl and Kon-Tiki sail from Peru to Polynesia.
04/28/1952 WW II Pacific peace treaty takes effect.
04/28/1974 Last Americans evacuated from Saigon.
04/28/1977 Christopher Boyce convicted for selling satellite secrets.
04/29/1429 Joan of Arc leads Orleans, France, to victory over English.
04/29/1913 Gideon Sundback of Hoboken NJ patents the zipper.
04/29/1971 Salyut 1, world's First space station, launched into earth orbit.
04/30/1789 George Washington inaugurated as first president of the US
04/30/1798 Department of the Navy established.
04/30/1803 US more than doubles its size thru the Louisiana Purchase.
04/30/1900 Hawaii becomes a US Territory
04/30/1939 NBC/RCA make first US demo of TV at opening of NY World's Fair.
04/30/1942 First submarine built on the Great Lakes launched, the "Peto", from Manitowoc, Wisconsin.
04/30/1947 Boulder Dam renamed in honor of Herbert Hoover
04/30/1948 Organization of American States (OAS) charter signed in Bogot .
04/30/1973 Nixon announces resigtration of Haldeman, Ehrlichman, et al
04/30/1975 US forces evacuated Vietnam; Saigon surrenders
04/30/1980 Terrorists seize Iranian Embassy in London
05/01/1840 1st adhesive postage stamps (English "Penny Blacks") issued.
05/01/1850 John Geary becomes 1st mayor of City of San Francisco.
05/01/1860 1st school for the deaf founded.
05/01/1869 Folies-Bergere opens in Paris.
05/01/1884 Construction begins in Chicago on the 1st skyscraper.
05/01/1892 US Quarantine Station opens on Angel Island.
05/01/1928 Lei Day begun (a Hawaiian celebration)
05/02/1925 Kezar Stadium in Golden Gate Park opens.
05/02/1939 Lou Gehrig sets record for most consecutive games (2130)
05/03/1830 1st regular steam train passenger service starts.
05/03/1919 America's 1st passenger flight (New York-Atlantic City)
05/03/1971 national noncommercial network radio begins programming.
05/04/1626 Indians sell Manhattan Island for $24 in cloth and buttons.
05/04/1851 1st of the major San Francisco fires.
05/04/1878 Phonograph shown for 1st time at the Grand Opera House.
05/05/1908 The Great White Fleet arrives in San Francisco.
05/05/1949 Council of Europe established.
05/05/1961 Alan Shepard becomes 1st American in space (onboard Freedom 7).
05/06/1851 Patent granted to Dr. John Farrie for a "refrigeration machine"
05/06/1860 The Olympic Club, 1st athletic club in US, founded in SF.
05/07/1824 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony presented for first time.
05/07/1927 San Francisco Municipal Airport (Mills Field) dedicated.
05/07/1945 World War II ends in Europe.
05/07/1963 Telstar 2 launched (apogee 6,700 miles).
05/08/1541 Hernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi River.
05/08/1945 Germany surrenders, ending World War II in Europe.
05/10/1775 Continental Congress issues paper currency for 1st time.
05/10/1869 The Driving of the Golden Spike, Promontory Point, Utah: The Transcontinential railroad is completed.
05/10/1930 The first US planetarium opens, in Chicago.
05/11/1752 1st US fire insurance policy is issued, in Philadelphia.
05/11/1929 1st regularly scheduled TV broadcasts (3 nights per week).
05/11/1951 Jay Forrester patents computer core memory.
05/13/1607 English land to found Jamestown (1st permanent settlement)
05/13/1846 US declares war on Mexico.
05/13/1884 Institute for Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) founded
05/14/1811 Paraguay gains its independence.
05/14/1853 Gail Borden applies for patent for making condensed milk.
05/14/1948 State of Israel proclaimed.
05/14/1973 United States launches space station "Skylab".
05/15/1940 1st nylon stockings are sold in America.
05/15/1963 Last of the Mercury flights, the "Faith 7", launched.
05/16/1866 Congress authorizes nickel 5-cent piece (the silver half-dime was used up to this point).
05/16/1929 1st Oscars announced (best film was 'Wings').
05/16/1971 First Class Mail now costs 8 cents (was 6 cents).
05/17/1792 24 brokers meet to found the New York Stock Exchange
05/17/1804 Lewis & Clark begin their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase
05/17/1954 Supreme Court rules on Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, overthrowing the principle of 'separate but equal'.
05/18/1933 Tennessee Valley Authority Act signed by President Roosevelt.
05/18/1980 Mount St. Helens blew its top in Washington State.
05/19/1862 The Homestead Act becomes law.
05/20/1927 At 7:40am, Lindbergh takes off from New York to cross Atlantic
05/21/1881 The American Red Cross is founded.
05/21/1927 Lindburgh lands in Paris, after 1st solo across Atlantic.
05/23/1898 1st Phillipine Expeditionary Troops sail from San Francisco.
05/23/1908 Dirigible explodes over SF Bay, 16 passengers fall, none die.
05/24/1844 Samual F.B. Morse taps out "What Hath God Wrought"
05/24/1866 Berkeley named (for George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne).
05/24/1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opened by Pres. Arthur & Gov. Cleveland.
05/24/1899 In Boston, the 1st auto repair shop opens.
05/25/1787 Constitutional Convention convenes in Philadelphia.
05/25/1927 Henry Ford stops producing the Model T car (begins Model A).
05/25/1940 Golden Gate International Exposition reopens.
05/25/1978 "Star Wars" is released.
05/25/1983 "Return of the Jedi" (Star Wars 3) is released.
05/26/1868 President Johnson avoids impeachment by 1 vote.
05/26/1937 Golden Gate Bridge opens.
05/26/1946 Patent filed in US for the H-Bomb.
05/27/1907 Bubonic Plague breaks out in San Francisco
05/27/1937 Golden Gate Bridge dedicated.
05/28/1926 United States Customs Court created by Congress.
05/29/1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks (some believe this signalled the end of the Middle Ages).
05/29/1953 Hillary & Norkay reach top of Mount Everest.
05/29/1978 First Class postage now 15 cents (was 13 cents for 3 years).
05/30/1911 Indianapolis 500 car race run for 1st time.
05/31/1433 Joan of Arc has a hot time at the stake...
05/31/1678 Lady Godiva takes a ride through Coventry
05/31/1868 1st recorded bicycle race, 2 kilometers in Paris.
05/31/1879 1st electric railway opens at Berlin Trades Exposition.
05/31/1889 Johnstown Flood
06/01/1638 First earthquake recorded in U.S., at Plymouth, Mass
06/01/1792 Kentucky becomes 15th state
06/01/1796 Tennessee becomes 16th state
06/01/1813 Capt John Lawrence utters Navy motto: 'Don't give up the ship'.
06/01/1845 Homing pigeon ends an 11,000 km trip (Namibia-London) in 55 days.
06/01/1925 Lou Gehrig starts in first of 2130 consecutive games, a record.
06/01/1933 Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago
06/01/1965 Penzias and Wilson detect 3 degree Kelvin primordial background.
06/01/1967 Beatles release "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".
06/02/0455 Gaiseric sacks Rome, what a Vandal.
06/02/1858 Donati Comet first seen, named after it's discoverer
06/02/1873 Construction of world's first cable car system, begins in SF.
06/02/1910 Pygmies discovered in Dutch New Guinea
06/02/1936 Gen. Anastasio Somoza takes over as dictator of Nicaragua
06/02/1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey
06/02/1966 Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarum first moon soft-landing.
06/02/1977 New Jersey legalizes casino gambling in Atlantic City.
06/02/1979 John Paul II first pope to visit a communist country - Poland.
06/03/1539 Hernando De Soto claims Florida for Spain
06/03/1621 Dutch West India Company receives charter for "New Netherlands"
06/03/1770 Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo founded in California
06/03/1789 Alex Mackenzie began exploration of Mackenzie River
06/03/1888 "Casey at the Bat" is first published (by the SF Examiner)
06/03/1934 Dr Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin knighted.
06/03/1935 French "Normandie" sets Atlantic crossing record: 1077 hours.
06/03/1937 Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Warfield Simpson.
06/03/1942 Battle of Midway begins: first major battle won by airpower.
06/03/1948 200 inch Hale telescope dedicated at Palomar Observatory.
06/03/1949 "Dragnet" is first broadcast on radio (KFI in Los Angeles).
06/03/1965 Gemini IV is launched Ed White first American to walk in space
06/03/1976 US presented with oldest known copy of Magna Carta
06/03/1980 Crew of Soyuz 36 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 35
06/04/0780 BC first total solar eclipse reliably recorded by Chinese
06/04/1784 Mme. Thible becomes first woman to fly (in a balloon)
06/04/1896 Henry drives his first Ford through streets of Detroit.
06/04/1940 British complete miracle of Dunkirk by evacuating 300,000 troops
06/04/1944 First submarine captured and boarded on high seas - German U 505
06/04/1947 Taft-Hartley Act approved despite a Truman veto.
06/04/1956 Speech by Khrushchev blasting Stalin is made public.
06/04/1986 Jonathan Pollard, spy for Israel, pleads guilty.
06/05/1783 Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier make first public balloon flight.
06/05/1833 Ada Lovelace (future computer programmer) meets Charles Babbage
06/05/1849 Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
06/05/1875 Formal opening of the Pacific Stock Exchange.
06/05/1947 Sec of State George C. Marshall outlines `The Marshall Plan'.
06/05/1972 U.N. Conference on the Human Environment opens in Stockholm
06/05/1975 Suez Canal reopens (after 6 Day War caused it to close)
06/05/1980 Soyuz T-2 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station
06/06/1809 Swedish Constitution and Flag Day (National Day)
06/06/1844 YMCA founded in London
06/06/1932 US Federal gas tax enacted
06/06/1933 First drive-in theatre opens, in Camden, New Jersey.
06/06/1934 Securities and Exchange Commission established
06/06/1944 D-Day, the Allied Invasion of "Festung Europa"
06/06/1946 Henry Morgan is first to take off his shirt on TV.
06/06/1967 Six Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors begins.
06/06/1971 Soyuz 11 takes 3 cosmonauts to Salyut 1 space station
06/06/1975 British voters decide to remain on Common Market
06/06/1977 Supreme Court tosses out automatic death penalty laws
06/06/1978 Proposition 13 cuts California property taxes 57% Yipee!
06/06/1982 Israel invades Lebanon to drive out PLO
06/06/2012 Transit of Venus (between Earth and Sun) occurs.
06/07/1769 Daniel Boone begins exploring the Bluegrass State of Kentucky.
06/07/1776 Richard Lee of Virginia calls for Declaration of Independence.
06/07/1839 The Hawaiian Declaration of Rights is signed.
06/07/1839 Hawaiian Declaration of Rights is signed
06/07/1905 Norway declares independence from Sweden
06/07/1929 Vatican City becomes a soverign state
06/07/1938 First Boeing 314 Clipper "Flying Boat" flown by Eddie Allen
06/07/1948 Communists take over Czechoslovakia
06/07/1953 First color network telecast from Boston, Massachusets.
06/07/1965 Gemini 4 completes 62 orbits
06/07/1971 Soviet Soyuz 11 crew completes first transfer to orbiting Salyut
06/07/1972 German Chancellor Willy Brandt visits Israel
06/07/1977 Anita Bryant leads successful crusade against Miami gay law
06/07/1981 Israel bombs Iraqi plutonium production facility at Osirak.
06/08/1786 First commercially made ice cream sold in New York.
06/08/1869 Ives McGaffey patents his vacuum cleaner.
06/08/1918 Nova Aquila, brightest nova since Kepler's in 1604, is discovered
06/08/1940 Discovery of element 93 "Neptunium" is announced.
06/08/1953 Supreme Court forbids segregated lunch counters in Washington DC.
06/08/1975 Soviets launch Venera 9 to Venus
06/08/1979 The Source, first public computer info. service, goes online.
06/08/2004 Transit of Venus (between Earth and Sun) occurs.
06/09/1732 Royal Charter for Georgia, granted to James Oglethorpe.
06/09/1860 First dime novel published.
06/09/1898 China leases Hong Kong's New Territories to Britain for 99 years.
06/09/1931 Goddard patents rocket-fueled aircraft design.
06/09/1959 First ballistic missile launched from sub "George Washington"
06/10/1639 First American log cabin at Ft Christina (Wilmington, Del).
06/10/1752 Ben Franklin flies a kite in a thunderstorm, shocking!
06/10/1772 British revenue cutter "Gaspee" is burned by Rhode Islanders.
06/10/1801 State of Tripoli declares war on the US
06/10/1854 Georg F.B. Reiman proposes that space is curved
06/10/1869 The 'Agnes' arrives in New Orleans with the first ever shipment of frozen beef.
06/10/1898 US Marines land at Cuba in Spanish-American War.
06/10/1921 Babe Ruth becomes all time homerune champ with 120 of them.
06/10/1932 First demonstration of artificial lightning Pittsfield Mass.
06/10/1935 Alcoholics Anonymous formed in Akron by Dr Robert Smith
06/10/1940 Italy declares war on France and Britain
06/10/1954 PBS reaches San Francisco: KQED (Channel 9) starts broadcasting.
06/10/1977 Apple Computer ships its first Apple II.
06/11/1770 Capt Cook runs aground on Australian Great Barrier Reef
06/11/1859 Comstock silver load discovered near Virginia City, Nevada.
06/11/1895 First auto race.
06/11/1942 US and USSR sign Lend-Lease agreement during WW II.
06/11/1947 WW II sugar rationing finally ends.
06/11/1955 First magnesium jet airplane is flown.
06/11/1970 US leaves Wheelus Air Force Base in Libya.
06/11/1982 Movie "E T, The Extra-Terrestrial" is released.
06/12/1665 English rename New Amsterdam to New York after the Dutch leave.
06/12/1776 Virginia is first to adopt the Bill of Rights.
06/12/1812 Napoleon invades Russia. Classic "what not to" lesson.
06/12/1838 Hopkins Observatory, dedicated in Williamstown, Mass
06/12/1839 The first baseball game is played in America. Thanks Abner!
06/12/1898 Phillipines gains its independence from Spain.
06/12/1934 Black-McKeller Bill splits United Airlines from Boeing.
06/12/1957 Paul Anderson of US back-lifts a record 2850 kg.
06/12/1967 USSR launches Venera 4 for parachute landing on Venus
06/12/1967 Israel wins the Six Day War.
06/12/1979 Bryan Allen flies the "Gossamer Albatross", the first man-powered aircraft, over the English Channel.
06/13/1373 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance (world's oldest) is signed
06/13/1611 John Fabricius dedicates the earliest sunspot publication.
06/13/1898 Yukon Territory of Canada organized, Dawson chosen as capital.
06/13/1900 China's Boxer Rebellion begins, against foreigners and Christians
06/13/1963 Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6, becomes the first woman in space. You've come a long way, baby.
06/13/1967 Thurgood Marshall nominated as first black Supreme Court justice.
06/13/1983 Pioneer 10 is first man-made object to leave the Solar System.
06/14/1775 The US Army is founded.
06/14/1777 Stars and Stripes adopted as US flag, replacing Grand Union flag.
06/14/1846 California (Bear Flag) Republic proclaimed in Sonoma.
06/14/1847 Bunson invents a gas burner.
06/14/1870 All-pro Cincinnati Red Stockings suffer first loss in 130 games.
06/14/1900 Hawaiian Territorial Government begins.
06/14/1919 First direct airplane crossing of the Atlantic.
06/14/1938 Chlorophyll patented by Benjamin Grushkin. How'd he do that?
06/14/1942 Walt Disney's "Bambi" is released.
06/14/1948 TV Guide is first published.
06/14/1951 UNIVAC 1, first commercial computer, is unveiled.
06/14/1952 Keel laid for first nuclear powered submarine, the Nautilus.
06/14/1967 Launch of Mariner V for Venus flyby
06/14/1975 USSR launches Venera 10 for Venus landing
06/14/1982 Britain wins the 74 day war for the Falkland Islands.
06/15/1215 King John reluctantly signs the Magna Carta at Runnymede.
06/15/1520 The pope threatens to toss Luther out of the Catholic Church.
06/15/1664 The state of New Jersey is founded.
06/15/1752 Ben Franklin's kite is struck by lightning, shocking!
06/15/1775 Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the American Army.
06/15/1836 Arkansas becomes 25th state
06/15/1844 Goodyear patents the process for vulcanization of rubber.
06/15/1846 Oregon Treaty signed, setting US-British boundary at 49ø North.
06/15/1878 First attempt at motion pictures(using 12 cameras, each taking one picture (to see if all 4 horse's hooves leave the ground
06/15/1919 First flight across Atlantic (Alcock and Brown).
06/15/1940 France surrenders to Hitler.
06/15/1951 First commercial electronic computer dedicated in Philadelphia.
06/15/1975 Soyuz 19 launched
06/15/1977 Spain's first free elections since 1936.
06/15/1978 Soyuz 29 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6; they stay 139 days.
06/15/1982 Riots in Argentina after Falklands/Malvinas defeat.
06/16/1567 Mary Queen of Scots thrown into Lochleven Castle prison
06/16/1775 The Battle of Bunker Hill (actually it was Breed's Hill).
06/16/1858 "A house divided against itself cannot stand" - Abraham Lincoln.
06/16/1903 Ford Motor Company, a vehicle manufacturer, is founded.
06/16/1933 US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is created.
06/16/1963 Valentina Tereshkova becomes first woman in space.
06/16/1977 Leonid Brezhnev named president of USSR
06/16/1984 Edwin Moses wins his 100th consecutive 400-meter hurdles race
06/17/1856 Republican Party opened its first convention in Philadelphia.
06/17/1885 Statue of Liberty arrives in NYC aboard French ship "Isere".
06/17/1944 Republic of Iceland proclaimed at Thingvallir, Iceland.
06/17/1947 First around-the-world civil air service leaves New York.
06/17/1963 Supreme Court strikes down Lord's Prayer recitation
06/17/1971 US returns control of Okinawa to Japanese
06/17/1972 Democratic HQ at Watergate burglarized by Republicans.
06/17/1982 Ronald Reagan delivers "evil empire" speech.
06/18/1178 Proposed time of origin of lunar crater Giordano Bruno.
06/18/1812 War of 1812 begins as US declares war against Britain.
06/18/1815 Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon defeated by Wellington and Blcher.
06/18/1873 Susan B Anthony fined $100 for attempting to vote for President.
06/18/1892 Macademia nuts first planted in Hawaii.
06/18/1928 Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across the Atlantic.
06/18/1953 Egypt is proclaimed a republic.
06/18/1959 First television broadcast transmitted from England to US.
06/18/1977 Space Shuttle test model "Enterprise" carries a crew aloft for first time, It was fixed to a modified Boeing 747
06/18/1981 Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman on the US Supreme Court.
06/18/1983 Sally Ride becomes first US woman in space, aboard Challenger.
06/19/0240 BC - Eratosthenes estimates the circumference of the earth.
06/19/1756 146 English people imprisoned in Black Hole of Calcutta.
06/19/1778 Washington's troops finally leave Valley Forge.
06/19/1846 First baseball game: NY Nines 23, Knickerbockers 1 (Hoboken, NJ).
06/19/1862 Slavery outlawed in US territories.
06/19/1910 Father's Day celebrated for first time in Spokane, Washington.
06/19/1931 First commercial photoelectric cell installed in West Haven Ct.
06/19/1932 First concert given in San Francisco's Stern Grove.
06/19/1934 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created
06/19/1947 First plane to exceed 600 mph - Albert Boyd at Muroc, CA.
06/19/1976 Viking 1 enters Martian orbit after 10 month flight from earth.
06/19/1981 European Space Agency's Ariane carries two satellites into orbit.
06/20/1782 Congress approves Great Seal of US and the Eagle as it's symbol.
06/20/1791 King Louis XVI caught trying to escape French Revolution
06/20/1837 Queen Victoria at 18 ascends British throne following death of uncle King William IV. She ruled for 63 years, until 1901.
06/20/1863 West Virginia became 35th state
06/20/1948 Ed Sullivan has his first really big 'shoe' on Sunday night TV.
06/20/1963 US and USSR agree to set up a "Hot Line".
06/20/1968 Jim Hines becomes first person to run 100 meters in under 10 secs
06/20/1977 Oil enters Trans-Alaska pipeline exits 38 days later at Valdez.
06/20/1982 National Bald Eagle Day was declared.
06/21/1633 Galileo Galilei is forced by the Inquisition to "abjure, curse, and detest" his Copernican heliocentric views. Still in effect!
06/21/1788 US Constitution effective as NH is ninth state to ratify it.
06/21/1834 Cyrus Hall McCormick patents reaping machine.
06/21/1879 F. W. Woolworth opens his first store (failed almost immediately, so he found a new location and you know the rest...)
06/21/1948 First stored computer program run, on the Manchester Mark I.
06/21/1963 Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeeds John XXIII
06/22/1611 Henry Hudson set adrift in Hudson Bay during mutiny.
06/22/1675 Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II.
06/22/1772 Slavery is outlawed in England.
06/22/1775 First Continental currency authorized
06/22/1807 British board USS Chesapeake, leading to the War of 1812.
06/22/1808 Zebulon Pike reaches his peak, it was all downhill after that.
06/22/1847 The doughnut is invented.
06/22/1910 First passenger carrying airship, the Zeppelin "Deutscheland".
06/22/1911 King George V of England crowned
06/22/1944 FDR signs "GI Bill of Rights" (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)
06/22/1978 The planet Pluto's partner, Charon, is discovered.
06/22/1983 First time a satellite is retrieved from orbit, by Space Shuttle.
06/23/1683 William Penn signs friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape indians in Pennsylvania; the only treaty "not sworn to, nor broken".
06/23/1757 Robert Clive defeats Indians at Plassey, wins control of Bengal
06/23/1868 Christopher Latham Sholes patents the typewriter.
06/23/1955 Walt Disney's "Lady And The Tramp" is released
06/23/1976 CN Tower in Toronto, tallest free-standing structure (555m) opens
06/23/1986 Tip O'Neill refuses to let Reagan address House
06/24/1314 Battle of Bannockburn; Scotland regains independence from England
06/24/1441 Eton College founded by Henry VI
06/24/1497 John Cabot claims eastern Canada for England
06/24/1509 Henry VIII becomes King of England
06/24/1817 First coffee planted in Hawaii, on the Kona coast.
06/24/1930 First radar detection of aircraft, at Anacostia, DC.
06/24/1949 Cargo airlines first licensed by US Civil Aeronautics Board.
06/24/1949 Hopalong Cassidy becomes first network western.
06/24/1963 First demonstration of home video recorder, BBC Studios, London.
06/24/1982 Soyuz T-6 lifts 3 cosmonauts (1 French) to Salyut 7 space station
06/24/1982 Equal Rights Amendment goes down in defeat.
06/24/1986 US Senate approves "tax reform" - taxes went up.
06/25/1178 Five Canterbury monks report something exploding on the Moon (the only known observation of probable meteor strike).
06/25/1630 The Fork is introduced to American dining by Governor Winthrop.
06/25/1835 Pueblo founded with construction of first building (start of Yerba Buena, later to be called San Francisco).
06/25/1938 Federal minimum wage law guarantees workers 40› per hour.
06/25/1950 Korean War begins; North Korea invades South.
06/25/1950 El Al begins air service.
06/25/1951 1st color TV broadcast: CBS' Arthur Godfrey from NYC to 4 cities
06/25/1953 First passenger flies commercially around the world < 100 hours.
06/25/1977 Roy C Sullivan of Virginia is struck by lightening for 7th time!
06/26/1483 Richard III crowned King of England. Villified by Thomas More.
06/26/1797 Charles Newbold patents first cast-iron plow.
06/26/1876 Custer's Last Stand
06/26/1900 Walter Reed begins research that beats yellow fever
06/26/1911 Nieuport sets an aircraft speed record of 133 kph
06/26/1934 FDR signs Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions.
06/26/1945 UN Charter signed by 50 nations in San Francisco.
06/26/1948 US responses to Soviet blockade of Berlin with an airlift.
06/26/1949 Walter Baade discovers asteroid Icarus INSIDE orbit of Mercury.
06/26/1959 St Lawrence Seaway opens, linking Atlantic Ocean with Great Lakes
06/26/1963 John F. Kennedy visits West Berlin, "Ich bin ein Berliner".
06/26/1968 Iwo Jima and Bonin Islands returned to Japan by US
06/26/1978 First dedicated oceanographic satellite, SEASAT 1 launched.
06/27/1806 Buenos Aires captured by British
06/27/1838 Queen Victoria is crowned
06/27/1929 First color TV demo, in New York
06/27/1942 FBI captures 8 Nazi saboteurs from a sub off Long Island, NY.
06/27/1950 President Truman orders Air Force and Navy into Korean conflict.
06/27/1955 First automobile seat belt legislation enacted Illinois
06/27/1960 Chlorophyll "A" synthesized in Cambridge Mass
06/27/1962 NASA X-15 flies at 4105 mph
06/27/1963 Robert Rushworth in X-15 reaches 87 km
06/27/1978 Soyuz 30 launched
06/27/1982 4th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 4 launched
06/27/1983 Soyuz T-9 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 7 space station
06/28/1820 The tomato is proved to be nonpoisonous.
06/28/1919 The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I, was signed.
06/28/1939 Pan Am begins transatlantic air service with the Dixie Clipper.
06/28/1951 "Amos 'n Andy" show premiers on television (CBS).
06/29/1776 Mission Dolores founded by San Francisco Bay.
06/29/1854 Congress ratifies Gadsden Purchase of parts of New Mexico, Ariz.
06/29/1863 The very first First National Bank opens in Davenport, Iowa.
06/29/1916 The first Boeing aircraft flies.
06/29/1929 First high-speed jet wind tunnel completed Langley Field, CA.
06/29/1946 British arrest 2700 Jews in Palestine as alleged terrorists
06/29/1952 First aircraft carrier to sail around Cape Horn - the Oriskany.
06/29/1962 First flight of the Vickers VC-10 long-range airliner.
06/29/1971 Soyuz 11 docks with Salyut 1 for 22 days
06/30/1834 Congress creates Indian Territory
06/30/1893 The Excelsior diamond (blue-white, 995 carats) discovered.
06/30/1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act adopted
06/30/1908 Giant fireball impacts in Central Siberia (the Tunguska Event)
06/30/1930 First round-the-world radio broadcast, from Schenectady NY.
06/30/1936 40 hour work week law approved in US.
06/30/1948 Transistor demonstrated Murray Hill, NJ.
06/30/1960 Zaire gains its independence.
06/30/1972 Timekeeping adjusted with the first leap second.
07/01/1535 Sir Thomas More went on trial in England charged with treason
07/01/1847 1st adhesive US postage stamps go on sale
07/01/1850 At least 626 ships lying at anchor around San Francisco Bay.
07/01/1863 Battle of Gettysburg, PA - Lee's northward advance halted.
07/01/1867 Dominion of Canada formed.
07/01/1873 Prince Edward Island becomes 7th Canadian province.
07/01/1898 Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders charge up San Juan Hill.
07/01/1899 SF City Hall turned over to city, after 29 years of building
07/01/1919 First Class Postage DROPS to 2 cents from 3 cents.
07/01/1941 1st TV licenses granted: W2XBS-WNBT (NBC) & WCBW (CBS), New York
07/01/1943 first automatic withholding tax from paychecks
07/01/1944 Bretton Woods Conference starts, establishing world-wide financial systems (like the IMF and the World Bank).
07/01/1960 Italian Somalia gains independence, unites with Somali Republic.
07/01/1960 Ghana becomes a republic.
07/01/1962 Burundi & Rwanda gain independence from Belgium (National Days).
07/01/1966 Medicare goes into effect.
07/01/1968 US, Britain, USSR & 58 nations sign Nuclear Nonproliferation Trea
07/01/1969 Charles Philip Arthur George invested as the Prince of Wales
07/01/1971 Golden Gate Bridge paid for (so why is there still a toll?).
07/01/1982 Kosmos 1383, 1st search and rescue satellite, launched.
07/02/1890 Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits industrial monopolies.
07/02/1900 first flight of a Zeppelin (the LZ-1).
07/02/1926 US Army Air Corps created
07/02/1937 Amelia Earhart & Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean
07/02/1957 1st submarine built to fire guided missiles launched, "Grayback"
07/02/1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act.
07/02/1976 Supreme Court ruled death penalty not inherently cruel or unusual
07/02/1985 Proto launched on its way to Halley's Comet
07/03/1608 City of Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain
07/03/1775 Washington takes command of Continental Army at Cambridge, Mass
07/03/1819 1st savings bank in US (Bank of Savings in NYC) opens its doors
07/03/1861 Pony Express arrives in SF with overland letters from New York.
07/03/1890 Idaho becomes 43rd state.
07/03/1898 US Navy defeats Spanish fleet in the harbor at Santiago Cuba
07/03/1962 Algeria becomes independent after 132 years of French rule
07/03/1983 Calvin Smith (US) becomes fastest man alive (36.25 kph for 100 m)
07/03/1986 Renovated Statue of Liberty is rededicated with great ceremony.
07/04/1054 Brightest known super-nova starts shining, for 23 days.
07/04/1057 Crab Nebula supernova recorded by Chinese & Japanese astronomers.
07/04/1776 Declaration of Independence - US gains independence from Britain
07/04/1802 US Military Academy officially openes at West Point, NY
07/04/1828 first US passenger railroad started, The Baltimore & Ohio
07/04/1845 Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond.
07/04/1862 Lewis Carroll begins inventing "Alice in Wonderland" for his friend Alice Pleasance Liddell during a boating trip
07/04/1863 Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho).
07/04/1876 1st public exhibition of electric light in San Francisco.
07/04/1882 Telegraph Hill Observatory opens.
07/04/1884 Statue of Liberty is presented to theUnited States, in Paris.
07/04/1894 Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of the first US autos
07/04/1894 Republic of Hawaii established.
07/04/1903 Pacific Cable (San Francisco, Hawaii, Guam, Phillipines) opens. President Roosevelt sends a message to the Phillipines,
07/04/1933 Work begins on the Oakland Bay Bridge.
07/04/1946 Philippines gains independence from US
07/04/1965 Mariner 4 flies past Mars, sends first close-up photos.
07/04/1967 Freedom of Information Act goes into effect
07/04/1976 Raid on Entebbe - Israel rescues 229 Air France passengers
07/05/1687 Isaac Newton's PRINCIPIA is published by Royal Society in England
07/05/1811 Venezuela gains independence from Spain.
07/05/1859 Captain N.C. Brooks discovers Midway Islands.
07/05/1865 William Booth founds the Salvation Army, in London, England.
07/05/1935 first Hawaii Calls radio program is broadcast.
07/05/1938 Herb Caen gets his first column in the S.F. Chronicle.
07/05/1944 first rocket airplane flown
07/05/1950 Law of Return passes allowing all Jews rights to live in Israel
07/05/1951 Junction transistor invention announced, Murray Hill, NJ
07/05/1975 Cape Verde Islands independent, 500 years under Portuguese rule
07/05/1978 Soyuz 30 is launched
07/06/1885 1st inoculation (for rabies) of a human being, by Louis Pasteur
07/06/1928 Preview of 1st all-talking motion picture took place in NYC
07/06/1932 First Class postage back up to 3 cents from 2 cents.
07/06/1933 1st All-Star baseball game. American League won 5-2.
07/06/1964 Malawi (then Nyasaland) gains independence from Britain
07/06/1975 Comoros Islands gain independence from France (most of them).
07/06/1976 Soyuz 21 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 5 space station.
07/07/1846 United States annexs California
07/07/1891 A patent was granted for the travelers cheque.
07/07/1898 Hawaii annexed to the United States.
07/07/1930 Construction began on Boulder (later Hoover) Dam
07/07/1946 Mother Frances X Cabrini canonized as 1st American saint
07/07/1978 Solomon Islands gains independence from Britain (National Day).
07/07/1980 first solar-powered aircraft crosses English Channel.
07/07/1990 The world's 3 greatest tenors: Carreras, Domingo and Pavarotti appear together, for the only time, in Rome. Simply ahhhsome!
07/08/1663 King Charles II of England granted a charter to Rhode Island
07/08/1776 Col. John Nixon gives 1st public reading of Decl of Independence
07/08/1796 1st American Passport issued by the US State Department.
07/08/1835 The Liberty Bell cracks (again).
07/08/1889 Vol 1, No 1, of "The Wall Street Journal" published.
07/08/1896 William Jennings Bryan makes his 'cross of gold' speech at the Democratic Convention in Chicago.
07/08/1905 Part of Angel Island (in SF bay ) becomes an Immigration Detention Center (port of entry for immigrants).
07/08/1907 Florenz Ziegfeld staged 1st `Follies' on NY Theater roof
07/08/1947 Demolition begins in New York for headquarters of United Nations
07/08/1977 Sabra Starr finishes longest recorded belly dance (100 hrs).
07/08/1978 Pioneer-Venus 2 Multi-probe launched to Venus.
07/09/1540 Henry VIII's 6-month marriage to Anne of Cleves is annulled.
07/09/1816 Argentina gains its independence.
07/09/1846 Capt Montgomery claims Yerba Buena (San Francisco) for the U.S.
07/09/1953 first helicopter passenger service, in New York
07/09/1957 Announcement of discovery of element 102 - nobelium
07/09/1979 Voyager II flies past Jupiter.
07/10/1890 Wyoming becomes the 44th state.
07/10/1925 USSR's official news agency TASS established.
07/10/1925 The Scopes 'Monkey Trial' on evolution, starts.
07/10/1940 Battle of Britain began as Nazi forces attack by air.
07/10/1962 Telstar, 1st communications satelite launched.
07/10/1966 Orbiter 1 Launched to moon.
07/10/1980 Ayatollah Khomeini releases Iran hostage Richard I. Queen
07/10/1985 French agents sink Greenpeace "Rainbow Warrior" in New Zealand.
07/11/1533 Pope Clement VII excommunicates England's King Henry VIII
07/11/1798 US Marine Corps is created by an act of Congress
07/11/1804 Burr and Hamilton duel. Burr won.
07/11/1864 Confederate forces, led by Gen J Early, invade Washington DC
07/11/1955 USAF Academy dedicated at Lowry AFB in Colorado
07/11/1962 Cosmonaut Micolaev set longevity space flight record-4 days
07/11/1962 1st transatlantic TV transmission via satellite (Telstar I).
07/11/1977 Medal of Freedom awarded posthumously to Martin Luther King
07/11/1979 US Skylab enters atmosphere over Australia & disintegrates.
07/11/1986 Mary Beth Whitehead christens her surrogate "Baby M", Sara.
07/12/1543 Henry VIII marries Catharine Parr (his 6th & last wife).
07/12/1812 US forces lead by Gen. Hull invade Canada (War of 1812).
07/12/1862 Congress authorizes Medal of Honor
07/12/1933 Congress passes 1st minimum wage law ($0.33 per hour).
07/12/1960 Echo I, 1st passive satellite launched.
07/12/1960 USSR's Sputnik 5 launched with 2 dogs.
07/12/1962 Cosmonaut Popovich in space 1st time 2, manned craft in space
07/12/1977 first free flight test of Space Shuttle Enterprise.
07/12/1979 Kiribati (Gilbert & Ellice Is.) gains independence from Britain.
07/12/1984 Geraldine Ferraro, Democrat, becomes the first woman to be a major-party candicate for Vice President.
07/13/1865 Horace Greeley advises readers to "Go west". He meant Michigan.
07/13/1919 first lighter-than-air transatlantic flight completed.
07/13/1977 New York City experiences a 25 hr black-out
07/13/1984 Sergei Bubka of USSR pole vaults a record 5.89 m.
07/14/1771 Mission San Antonio de Padua founded in California
07/14/1789 Citizens of Paris storm the (near empty) Bastille prison.
07/14/1850 1st public demonstration of ice made by refrigeration.
07/14/1853 Commodore Perry requests trade relations with the Japanese.
07/14/1865 1st ascent of the Matterhorn.
07/14/1953 first national monument dedicated to a Negro - GW Carver
07/14/1958 Iraqi army Iraq overthrew monarchy, a Colonel Saddam Hussein.
07/14/1959 first atomic powered cruiser, the Long Beach, Quincy Mass
07/14/1965 US Mariner IV, 1st Mars probe, passes at 6,100 miles
07/14/1987 Taiwan ends 37 years of martial law
07/15/1662 Charles II grants a charter to establish Royal Society in London.
07/15/1815 Napoleon Bonaparte captured.
07/15/1870 NW Territories created & Manitoba becomes 5th Canadian province.
07/15/1940 first betatron placed in operation, Urbana, Illinois
07/15/1954 first US passenger jet transport airplane tested (Boeing 707).
07/15/1975 Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 launched; rendezvous 2 days later.
07/16/1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Moslem power in Spain.
07/16/1548 La Paz, Bolivia is founded.
07/16/1769 Father Serra founds Mission San Diego, 1st mission in Calif.
07/16/1790 Congress establishes the District of Columbia.
07/16/1861 1st major battle of the Civil War -- Bull Run.
07/16/1935 1st automatic parking meter in US installed, Oklahoma City, OK
07/16/1945 1st atomic blast, Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico.
07/16/1969 Apollo 11, first manned ship to land on the moon is launched with astronauts Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins.
07/17/1821 Spain ceded Florida to US
07/17/1841 British humor magazine `Punch' 1st published.
07/17/1850 Harvard Observatory takes 1st photograph of a star (Vega)
07/17/1898 Spanish American War ends, in Santiago, Cuba.
07/17/1917 British royal family adopts the name `Windsor.'
07/17/1945 Potsdam Conference. FDR, Stalin, Churchill hold first meeting.
07/17/1948 Republic of Korea founded.
07/17/1954 Construction begins on Disneyland...
07/17/1955 ... Disneyland opens its doors in rural Orange County.
07/17/1959 Tibet abolishes serfdom
07/17/1962 Robert White in X-15 sets altitude record of 108 km (354,300 ft).
07/17/1969 Apollo/Soyuz, the first US/USSR linkup in space
07/17/0197 Pioneer 7 launched.
07/17/1984 Soyuz T-12 carries 3 cosmonauts to space station Salyut 7.
07/18/1964 The Great Fire of Rome begins (Nero didn't fiddle).
07/18/1536 Pope's authority declared void in England.
07/18/1872 Britain introduces voting by secret ballot.
07/18/1931 first air-conditioned ship launched - "Mariposa"
07/18/1936 Spanish Civil War begans, Francisco Franco leads uprising.
07/18/1938 Douglas `Wrong Way' Corrigan lands in Ireland-left NY for Calif
07/18/1955 first electric power generated from atomic energy sold.
07/18/1966 Carl Sagan turns one billion seconds old
07/18/1966 Gemini 10 launched.
07/18/1968 Intel Corporation is incorporated. Made first microchip.
07/18/1980 Rohini 1, first Indian satellite, is launched.
07/18/1984 Svetlana Savitskaya accompanies Vladimir Dzhanibekov on EVA outside Salyut 7, becoming first woman to walk in space.
07/18/1986 Videotapes released showing Titanic's sunken remains
07/19/1848 First Women's Rights Convention. Seneca Falls, NY
07/19/1880 SF Public Library allows patrons to start borrowing books.
07/19/1935 1st parking meters installed in Oklahoma City business district.
07/19/1955 "Balclutha" ties up at SF Pier 43 & becomes a floating museum.
07/19/1961 1st In-flight movie is shown (on TWA).
07/20/1810 Columbia gains its independence.
07/20/1859 admission fee first charged to see a baseball game (50 cents).
07/20/1871 British Columbia becomes 6th Canadian province.
07/20/1960 USSR recovered 2 dogs; 1st living organisms to return from space.
07/20/1960 1st submerged submarine fires Polaris missile, George Washington
07/20/1969 first men land on the moon, aboard Apollo 11 at 09:18 GMT. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin establish Tranquility Base
07/20/1976 first pictures from Mars surface received (courtesy Viking 2).
07/20/1977 Voyager 2 launched to the outer solar system.
07/21/1831 Belgium gains its independence.
07/21/1873 World's 1st train robbery, by Jesse James.
07/21/1940 Soviet Union annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
07/21/1959 first atomic powered merchant ship, Savannah, christened.
07/21/1961 Mercury 4 is launched into sub-orbital flight
07/21/1965 Gemini 5 launched atop Titan V with Cooper and Conrad
07/21/1969 Neil Armstrong steps onto the moon at 02:56:15 GMT. "It's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
07/21/1969 Independence Day, celebrated in Belgium.
07/22/1933 Wiley Post completes 1st round-the-world solo flight.
07/22/1972 Venera 8 makes a soft landing on Venus.
07/23/1798 Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt.
07/23/1829 Typewriter is patented.
07/23/1904 The Ice Cream Cone is invented.
07/23/1937 Isolation of pituitary hormone announced
07/23/1968 PLO's 1st hijacking of an EL AL plane
07/23/1972 ERTS 1 (Earth Resources Technology Satellite) later called LANDSA launched to start its multi-spectral scans of Earth
07/23/1972 1st Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) is launched
07/23/1980 Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6.
07/24/1701 French make 1st landing at site of Detroit.
07/24/1704 Great Britain takes Gibralter from Spain
07/24/1847 Mormon leader Brigham Young & followers arrive at Salt Lake City,
07/24/1929 Hoover proclaims Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war
07/24/1946 US detonates atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll. See film Radio Bikini.
07/24/1959 Nixon has the `Kitchen Debate' with Khrushchev
07/25/1909 first airplane flight across the English Channel.
07/25/1952 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico created.
07/25/1956 Italian liner Andrea Doria sank after collision with Stockholm.
07/25/1963 US Russia & England sign nuclear test ban treaty
07/25/1973 USSR launches Mars 5
07/25/1981 Voyager 2 encounters Saturn, "thousands of rings".
07/25/1987 USSR launches Kosmos 1870, 15-ton earth-study satellite.
07/26/1775 Benjamin Franklin becomes the first Postmaster General.
07/26/1847 Liberia gains its independence.
07/26/1887 first book published in Esperanto. Not a hit.
07/26/1908 Federal Bureau of Investigation established
07/26/1947 Department of Defense established
07/26/1953 Fidel Castro begins revolution against Batista
07/26/1953 Korean War Armistice is signed.
07/26/1956 Egypt seizes the Suez Canal
07/26/1957 USSR launchs 1st intercontinental multi-stage ballistic missle.
07/26/1963 US launches Syncom 2, the first geosynchronous satellite
07/26/1965 Republic of Maldives gains independence from Britain (Nat'l Day).
07/26/1971 US launches Apollo 15 to the Moon
07/26/1982 Canada's Anik D1 comsat launched by US delta rocket.
07/27/1501 Copernicus formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral
07/27/1694 Bank of England is chartered.
07/27/1836 Adelaide, South Australia founded.
07/27/1866 Atlantic telegraph cable successfully laid (1,686 miles long).
07/27/1940 Billboard magazine starts publishing best-seller's charts.
07/27/1955 Austria regains full independence after 4-power occupation.
07/27/1962 Mariner 2 launched on a flyby mission to venus
07/27/1969 Pioneer 10 Launched.
07/28/1586 Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe.
07/28/1821 Peru gains its independence.
07/28/1849 "Memmon" is first clipper to reach SF, 120 days out of NY
07/28/1851 total solar eclipse captured on a daguerreotype photograph
07/28/1866 Metric system becomes a legal measurement system in US
07/28/1868 14th Amendment ratified, citizenship to exslaves.
07/28/1900 The Hamburger is created by Louis Lassing in Connecticut
07/28/1914 Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia - World War I begins.
07/28/1931 Congress makes The Star-Spangled Banner our 2nd National Anthem
07/28/1932 President Hoover evicts bonus marchers from their encampment.
07/28/1933 1st Singing Telegram is delivered (to Rudy Vallee).
07/28/1964 Ranger 7 launched to the moon; sends back 4308 TV pictures.
07/28/1973 Skylab 3's astronauts are launched
07/28/1976 Eldon Joersz & Geo. Morgan set world airspeed record of 3,530 kph
07/29/1858 1st commercial treaty between US and Japan is signed.
07/29/1914 1st transcontinental phone link. Between NYC and San Francisco.
07/29/1920 1st transcontinental airmail flight: New York to San Francisco
07/29/1957 International Atomic Energy Agency established by UN
07/29/1978 Pioneer 11 transmits images of Saturn & its rings.
07/29/1981 The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana
07/29/1985 19th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 8 is launched
07/30/1619 The House of Burgesses in Virginia is formed. 1st elective governing body in a British colony.
07/30/1836 1st English newspaper published in Hawaii.
07/30/1946 1st rocket to attain 100-mile altitude, White Sands, NM
07/30/1956 Motto of US "In God We Trust" authorized
07/30/1971 US Apollo 15 lands on Mare Imbrium.
07/30/1980 Vanuatu (then New Hebrides) gains independence from Britain, Fran
07/30/1983 STS-8 3rd flight of Challenger. 1st night launch & land.
07/30/1984 STS-14 first flight of the shuttle Discovery.
07/31/1498 Christopher Columbus discovers island of Trinidad.
07/31/1588 English fleet attacks Spanish armada
07/31/1790 1st US Patent granted (for a potash process).
07/31/1948 President Truman dedicates Idlewild Field (Kennedy Airport), NY
07/31/1964 Ranger 7 transmits the 1st lunar close-up photos before impact
07/31/1970 Chet Huntley retires from NBC, ending 'Huntley-Brinkley Report' (No more "Goodnight, David", "Goodnight, Chet")
08/01/1291 Everlasting League forms, the basis of the Swiss Confederation
08/01/1790 First U.S. Census
08/01/1794 Whisky Rebellion
08/01/1852 Black Methodists establish 1st black SF church, Zion Methodist
08/01/1901 Burial within San Francisco City limits prohibited.
08/01/1946 President Truman establishes Atomic Energy Commission.
08/01/1953 California introduces its Sales Tax (for Education).
08/01/1958 First Class postage up to 4 cents (had been 3 cents for 26 years
08/02/1873 1st trial run of an SF cable car, on Clay Street between Kearny and Jones, downhill all the way, at 4AM.
08/02/1877 San Francisco Public Library opens with 5000 volumes.
08/02/1990 Saddam Hussein of Iraq invades neighboring Kuwait in the first act of the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
08/03/1492 Columbus sets sail for 'the Indies'.
08/04/1693 Champagne is invented by Dom Perignon.
08/05/1775 The 1st Spanish ship, 'San Carlos', enters San Francisco bay.
08/05/1861 US levies its first Income Tax (3% of incomes over $800).
08/05/1864 Spectrum of a comet observed for 1st time, by Giovanni Donati
08/05/1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed.
08/06/1835 Bolivia gains its independence
08/06/1926 The first woman swims the English Channel.
08/06/1945 The first Atom Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by the 'Enola Gay'.
08/07/1807 1st servicable steamboat, the Cleremont, goes on 1st voyage.
08/09/1842 The US-Canada border defined by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
08/09/1945 The 2nd Atom Bomb dropped on Nagasaki.
08/09/1974 Richard Nixon resigns presidency.
08/10/1809 Ecuador gains its independence.
08/10/1981 Pete Rose tops Stan Musial's record of 3630 hits.
08/11/1877 Asaph Hall discovers Mars' moon Deimos
08/11/1929 Babe Ruth hits his 500th homer
08/11/1933 Temp. hits 58øC (136øF) at San Luis Potos¡, Mex. (world record)
08/12/1851 Issac Singer granted a patent for his sewing machine.
08/12/1898 The peace protocol ending the Spanish-American War was signed.
08/12/1915 `Of Human Bondage,' by William Somerset Maugham, published.
08/12/1934 Babe Ruth's final game at Fenway Park, 41,766 on hand
08/13/1642 Christiaan Huygens discovers the Martian south polar cap
08/13/1876 Reciprocity Treaty between US and Hawaii ratified.
08/13/1961 Berlin Wall erected in East Germany
08/14/0410 Alaric sacks Rome, he really was a Vandal.
08/14/1457 Oldest exactly dated printed book (c. 3 years after Gutenberg)
08/14/1846 Henry David Thoreau jailed for tax resistance.
08/14/1848 Oregon Territory created
08/14/1935 Social Security Act became law
08/14/1941 Atlantic Charter signed by FDR & Churchill
08/14/1945 VJ Day - Japan surrendered to end World War II.
08/14/1966 First US lunar orbiter does it.
08/15/1901 Arch Rock, danger to Bay shipping, blasted with 30 tons of nitrogelatin (and that ain't jello).
08/15/1945 South Korea liberated from Japanese rule.
08/15/1945 Riot in San Francisco celebrating end of World War II.
08/15/1960 The Congo (Brazzaville) gains its independence.
08/16/1863 Emancipation Proclamation signed
08/16/1969 Woodstock festival begins in New York.
08/16/1970 Venera 7 launched by USSR for soft landing on Venus
08/17/1807 R. Fulton's steamboat Clermont begins 1st trip up Hudson River
08/17/1896 Gold discovered at Bonanza Creek, in Klondike region of the Yukon
08/17/1939 "The Wizard of Oz" opens at Loew's Capitol Theater in NY
08/17/1950 Indonesia gains its independence.
08/18/1868 Pierre Janssan discovers helium in solar spectrum during eclipse
08/18/1914 Pres Wilson issues Proclamation of Neutrality
08/18/1963 James Meredith becomes 1st black graduate of Univ of Miss.
08/18/1976 USSR's Luna 24 softlands on the Moon
08/19/1826 Canada Co. chartered to colonize Upper Canada (Ontario).
08/19/1891 William Huggins describes use of spectrum in astronomy.
08/19/1960 Francis Gary Powers convicted of spying by USSR (U-2 incident)
08/19/1960 Sputnik 5 carries 3 dogs into orbit (recovered alive) Yeaaa!
08/19/1979 The crew of Soyuz 32 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 34
08/19/1982 Soyuz T-7 is launched
08/20/1866 President Andrew Johnson formally declared the Civil War over
08/20/1920 US's first radio broadcaster, 8MK later WWJ, Detroit begins daily broadcasting.
08/20/1930 Dumont's 1st TV Broadcast for home reception, NY city
08/20/1940 Churchill says of the Royal Air Force, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."
08/20/1942 WW II dimout regulations implemented in San Francisco.
08/20/1977 Voyager II launched.
08/21/1841 John Hampson patents the venetian blind
08/21/1959 Hawaii became the 50th state.
08/21/1965 Gemini 5 launched into earth orbit (2 astronauts)
08/21/1968 Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia.
08/21/1968 William Dana reaches 80 km (last high-altitude X-15 flight)
08/21/1972 US orbiting astronomy observatory Copernicus is launched
08/22/1485 Richard III slain at Bosworth Field - Last of the Plantagenets
08/22/1787 John Fitch's steamboat completes its tests, years before Fulton
08/22/1851 Gold fields discovered in Australia
08/22/1963 Joe Walker in a NASA X-15, reaches 106 km (67 miles)
08/23/1833 Britain abolishes slavery in colonies; 700,000 slaves freed
08/23/1869 1st carload of freight (boots & shoes) arrives in San Francisco, from Boston, after a 16-day rail trip.
08/23/1919 "Gasoline Alley" cartoon strip premiers in Chicago Tribune
08/23/1957 Digital Equipment Corp. founded
08/23/1966 Lunar Orbiter 1 takes 1st photograph of earth from the moon
08/23/1973 First Intelsat communications satellite launched
08/23/1977 1st man-powered flight (Bryan Allen in Gossamer Condor)
08/24/0079 Mt. Vesuvius erupts; Pompeii & Herculaneum are buried
08/24/1814 British sack Washington, DC. Please, it needs it again!
08/24/1869 The Waffle Iron is invented.
08/24/1909 Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal.
08/24/1932 1st transcontinental non-stop flight by a woman, AE Putnam
08/24/1956 1st non-stop transcontinental helicopter flight arrived Wash DC
08/24/1960 temp. drops to -88ø (-127ø F) at Vostok, Antarctica (world record)
08/24/1989 Voyager II passes Neptune, Triton, finds rings here too.
08/25/1689 Montreal taken by the Iroquois
08/25/1825 Uruguay gains its independence.
08/25/1929 Graf Zeppelin passes over San Francisco, headed for Los Angeles after trans-Pacific voyage from Tokyo.
08/25/1981 Voyager II flies past Saturn. sees not a few, but thousands of rings.
08/25/1981 Voyager 2 in its closest approach to Saturn,
08/26/1955 B.C. Roman forces under Julius Caesar invaded Britain.
08/26/1346 English longbows defeat French in Battle of Cr‚cy
08/26/1629 Cambridge Agreement pledged. Massachusetts Bay Co. stockholders agreed to emigrate to New England.
08/26/1791 John Fitch granted a US patent for his working steamboat.
08/26/1846 W. A. Bartlett appointed 1st US mayor of Yerba Buena (SF).
08/26/1907 Houdini escapes from chains underwater at SF's Aquatic Park in 57 seconds.
08/26/1920 19th Amendment passes - Women's Suffrage granted (about time!)
08/26/1952 Fluoridation of San Francisco water begins.
08/26/1962 Mariner 2 launched for 1st planet flyby (Venus)
08/26/1973 Women's Equality Day
08/27/1776 Americans defeated by British in Battle of Long Island
08/27/1783 1st hydrogen-filled balloon ascent (unmanned)
08/27/1859 1st successful oil well drilled near Titusville, Penn.
08/27/1859 1st successful oil well drilled, near Titusville, Penn
08/27/1883 Krakatoa, Java explodes with a force of 1,300 megatons
08/27/1883 Krakatoa, WEST of Java, blew apart (Top that, St Helens).
08/27/1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, where 60 nations agreed to outlaw war.
08/28/1565 St Augustine, Fla established
08/28/1609 Delaware Bay explored by Henry Hudson for the Netherlands
08/28/1789 William Herschel discovers Enceladus, satellite of Saturn
08/28/1828 Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy was born near Tula.
08/28/1907 United Parcel Service begins service, in Seattle
08/28/1917 10 suffragists were arrested as they picketed the White House
08/28/1965 Astronauts Cooper & Conrad complete 120 Earth orbits in Gemini 5
08/29/1526 Hungary conquered by Turks in Battle of Moh cs
08/29/1533 Last Incan King of Peru, Atahualpa, murdered by Spanish conquerors
08/29/1896 Chop suey invented in NYC by chef of visiting Chinese Ambassador
08/29/1949 USSR explodes its 1st atomic bomb
08/29/1954 San Francisco International Airport (SFO) opens.
08/30/1850 Honolulu, Hawaii becomes a city.
08/30/1979 1st recorded occurrance of a comet hitting the sun (the energy released was about equal to 1 million hydrogen bombs).
08/30/1983 8th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 3 is launched
08/30/1984 12th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 1 is launched
08/31/1842 US Naval Observatory is authorized by an act of Congress
08/31/1955 1st sun-powered automobile demonstrated, Chicago, IL
08/31/1977 Aleksandr Fedotov sets world aircraft altitude record of 38.26 km (125,524 ft) in a Mikoyan E-266M turbojet
08/31/1980 Solidarity Labor Union in Poland is founded.
09/01/1772 Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa founded in California
09/01/1807 Aaron Burr aquitted of charges of plotting to set up an empire.
09/01/1849 California Constitutional Convention held in Monterey.
09/01/1859 Carrington & Hodgson make first observation of a solar flare.
09/01/1878 1st woman telephone operator starts work (Emma Nutt in Boston).
09/01/1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become 8th and 9th Canadian provinces.
09/01/1939 PHYSICAL REVIEW publishes first paper to deal with "black holes"
09/01/1939 Germany invades Poland, starting World War II.
09/01/1969 Moammar Gadhafi deposes Libya's King Idris
09/01/1977 First TRS-80 Model I computer is sold.
09/01/1979 Pioneer 11 makes 1st fly-by of Saturn, discovers new moon, rings
09/01/1983 A Korean Boeing 747, carrying 269 passengers, strays into Soviet air space and is shot down by a Soviet jet fighter.
09/01/1985 SS Titanic, sunk in 1912, is found by French & American scientists
09/02/1931 BC At the Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony, and becomes the Emporer Augustus.
09/02/0490 BC Phidippides runs the first marathon, seeking aid from Sparta against the Persians.
09/02/1666 Great Fire of London starts; destroys St. Paul's Church
09/02/1789 US Treasury Department established by Congress
09/02/1804 Harding discovers Juno, the 3rd known asteroid
09/02/1898 Lord Kitchener retakes Sudan for Britain
09/02/1945 Vietnam declares independence from France (National Day)
09/02/1945 V-J Day; Japan formally surrenders aboard the USS Missouri.
09/02/1963 CBS & NBC expand network news from 15 to 30 minutes
09/03/1783 Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolutionary War, is signed.
09/03/1849 California State Constitutional Convention convenes in Monterey
09/03/1900 British annex Natal (South Africa)
09/03/1935 First automobile to exceed 300 mph, Sir Malcolm Campbell
09/03/1939 Britain declared war on Germany. France followed six hours later, quickly joined by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa & Canada
09/03/1940 First showing of high definition color television
09/03/1940 US gives Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for military bases
09/03/1976 US Viking 2 lands on Mars at Utopia
09/03/1978 Crew of Soyuz 31 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 29
09/03/1985 20th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 6 returns to Earth
09/04/0476 Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor in the west, is deposed.
09/04/1609 Navigator Henry Hudson discovers the island of Manhattan.
09/04/1781 Los Angeles is founded in the Valley of Smokes (Indian Name).
09/04/1833 1st newsboy in the US hired (Barney Flaherty), by the NY Sun
09/04/1870 French republic proclaimed
09/04/1882 First district lit by electricty (NY's Pearl Street Station)
09/04/1886 Geronimo is captured, ending last major US-Indian war
09/04/1888 George Eastman patents 1st rollfilm camera & registers "Kodak".
09/04/1911 Garros sets world altitude record of 4,250 m (13,944 ft)
09/04/1918 US troops land in Archangel, Russia, stay 10 months
09/04/1933 First airplane to exceed 300 mph, JR Wendell, Glenview, Illinois
09/04/1950 First helicopter rescue of American pilot behind enemy lines.
09/04/1951 First transcontinental TV broadcast, by President Truman
09/04/1954 1st passage of McClure Strait, fabled Northwest Passage completed
09/04/1957 Ford introduces the Edsel.
09/04/1964 NASA launches its first Orbital Geophysical Observatory (OGO-1)
09/04/1972 US swimmer Mark Spitz is 1st athlete to win 7 olympic gold medals
09/04/1980 Iraqi troops seize Iranian territory in a border dispute.
09/05/1774 First Continental Congress assembles, in Philadelphia
09/05/1781 Battle of Virginia Capes, where the French Fleet defeats the British rescue fleet, trapping Cornwallis at Yorktown.
09/05/1885 1st gasoline pump is delivered to a gasoline dealer.
09/05/1953 First privately operated atomic reactor - Raleigh NC
09/05/1958 First color video recording on mag. tape shown, Charlotte NC
09/05/1977 Voyager II launched towards Jupiter and Saturn.
09/05/1978 Sadat, Begin and Carter began peace conference at Camp David, Md.
09/05/1980 World's longest auto tunnel, St. Gotthard in Swiss Alps, opens.
09/06/1628 Puritans land at Salem, form Massachusetts Bay Colony.
09/06/1716 First lighthouse in US built, in Boston
09/06/1869 First westbound train arrives in San Francisco.
09/06/1909 Word received: Peary discovered the North Pole five months ago.
09/06/1966 Star Trek appears on TV for the 1st time, on NBC. Beam me up!
09/07/1822 Brazil declares independence from Portugal (National Day).
09/07/1907 Sutro's ornate Cliff House in SF is destroyed by fire.
09/07/1948 First use of synthetic rubber in asphaltic concrete, Akron OH
09/07/1956 Bell X-2 sets Unofficial manned aircraft altitude record 126,000+
09/08/1380 Russians defeat Tatars at Kulikovo, beginning decline of Tatars.
09/08/1565 1st permanent settlement in US founded at St Augustine, Florida
09/08/1565 Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese & Knights of St. John.
09/08/1664 Dutch surrender New Amsterdam (NY) to English.
09/08/1771 Mission San Gabriel Archangel founded in California.
09/08/1858 Lincoln makes a speech describing when you can fool people.
09/08/1883 Northern Pacific RR's last spike driven at Independence Creek, Mo
09/08/1920 1st US Air Mail service begins.
09/08/1943 Italy surrenders to the allies in WW II
09/08/1945 US invades Japanese-held Korea.
09/09/1513 Battle of Flodden Fields; English defeat James IV of Scotland.
09/09/1776 Continental Congress authorizes the name "United States".
09/09/1839 John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph
09/09/1850 California becomes the 31st state.
09/09/1867 Luxembourg gains independence.
09/09/1892 E.E.Barnard at Lick discovers Amalthea, 5th moon of Jupiter.
09/09/1926 NBC created by the Radio Corporation of America.
09/09/1942 First bombing of the continental US, at Mount Emily Oregon by a Japanese plane launched from a submarine.
09/09/1967 First successful test flight of a Saturn V rocket.
09/09/1975 Viking 2 launched toward orbit around Mars, soft landing.
09/09/1982 "Conestoga I", the world's first private rocket, is launched.
09/10/1608 John Smith elected president of Jamestown colony council, Va.
09/10/1813 Oliver H. Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake Erie
09/10/1846 Elias Howe receives patent for his sewing machine.
09/10/1919 NYC welcomes home Gen. John J. Pershing and 25,000 WW I soldiers
09/10/1945 Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death for collaborating with Nazis.
09/10/1953 Swanson sells its first "TV Dinner".
09/10/1955 "Gunsmoke" premieres on CBS television.
09/10/1963 Twenty black students enter public schools in Alabama.
09/10/1974 Guinea-Bissau gains independence from Portugal.
09/11/1777 Battle of Brandywine, PA - Americans lose to British.
09/11/1814 Battle of Lake Champlain, NY - British lose to Americans
09/11/1850 Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", makes first US concert.
09/11/1910 1st commercially successful electric bus line opens, in Hollywood
09/11/1936 FDR dedicates Boulder Dam, now known as Hoover Dam
09/11/1944 FDR and Churchill meet in Canada at the second Quebec Conference
09/11/1946 First mobile long-distance, car-to-car telephone conversation.
09/11/1947 US Department of Defense is formed.
09/11/1950 First typesetting machine without metal type is exhibited.
09/11/1954 First Miss America TV broadcast
09/11/1967 US Surveyor 5 makes first chemical analysis of lunar material.
09/11/1972 BART begins service with a 26 mile line from Oakland to Fremont
09/11/1985 Pete Rose, Cincinnati Reds, gets hit 4,192 - eclipsing Ty Cobb.
09/12/0490 BC Athenians defeat 2nd Persian invasion of Greece at Marathon.
09/12/1609 Henry Hudson discovers what is now called the Hudson River.
09/12/1758 Charles Messier observes the Crab Nebula and begins catalog.
09/12/1941 First German ship in WW II is captured by US ship (Busko)
09/12/1953 Khrushchev becomes First Secretary of the Communist Party
09/12/1959 Luna 1 launched by USSR; 1st spacecraft to impact on the moon.
09/12/1959 Bonanza, horse opera, premiers on television
09/12/1966 Gemini XI launched
09/12/1970 Luna 16 launched; returns samples from Mare Fecunditatis
09/12/1974 Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia overthrown.
09/13/1788 New York City becomes the capitol of the United States.
09/13/1906 First airplane flight in Europe.
09/13/1959 Soviet Lunik 2 becomes 1st human-made object to crash on moon.
09/13/1963 The Outer Limits premiers
09/14/1716 1st lighthouse in US is lit (in Boston Harbor).
09/14/1752 England and colonies adopt Gregorian calendar, 11 days disappear.
09/14/1812 Napoleon occupies Moscow.
09/14/1814 Francis Scott Key inspired to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner'.
09/14/1847 US troops capture Mexico City.
09/14/1886 The typewriter ribbon is patented.
09/14/1899 While in New York, Henry Bliss becomes 1st automobile fatality
09/14/1940 Congress passes 1st peace time draft law.
09/14/1956 First prefrontal lobotomy performed in Washington DC. Common now.
09/14/1964 Walt Disney awarded the Medal of Freedom at the White House
09/14/1968 USSR's Zond 5 is launched on first circum lunar flight
09/14/1974 Charles Kowal discovers Leda, 13th satellite of Jupiter.
09/15/1776 British forces occupy New York during the American Revolution.
09/15/1789 Department of Foreign Affairs is renamed the Department of State
09/15/1821 Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatamala, Honduras & Nicaragua all gain their independence.
09/15/1917 Russia is proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky
09/15/1947 First 4 engine jet propelled fighter plane tested, Columbus, Oh
09/15/1950 UN forces land at Inchon during Korean conflict.
09/15/1959 Soviet Premier Khrushchev arrives in US to begin a 13-day visit
09/15/1976 Soyuz 22 carries two cosmonauts into earth orbit for 8 days.
09/16/1620 The Mayflower departs from Plymouth, England with 102 pilgrims.
09/16/1630 Massachusets village of Shawmut changes its name to Boston
09/16/1662 Flamsteed sees solar eclipse, 1st known astronomical observation
09/16/1795 British capture Capetown
09/16/1857 Patent is issued for the typesetting machine.
09/16/1893 Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma opened to white settlement homesteaders
09/16/1908 William Crapo Durant incorporates General Motors
09/16/1919 The American Legion is incorporated.
09/16/1945 Barometric pressure at 856 mb (25.55") off Okinawa (record low)
09/16/1966 Metropolitan Opera opens at New York's Lincoln Center
09/16/1968 Richard Nixon appears on Laugh-in
09/16/1972 First TV series about mixed marriage - Bridgit Loves Bernie.
09/16/1974 BART begins regular transbay service.
09/16/1974 Pres Ford announces conditional amnesty for Vietnam deserters
09/16/1975 Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
09/16/1976 Episcopal Church approves ordination of women as priests & bishop
09/17/1776 The Presidio of San Francisco was founded as Spanish fort.
09/17/1787 The Constitution of The United States is adopted.
09/17/1789 William Herschel discovers Mimas, satellite of Saturn
09/17/1819 1st whaling ship arrives in Hawaii.
09/17/1908 Thomas Selfridge becomes 1st fatality of powered flight
09/17/1953 First successful separation of Siamese twins
09/17/1968 Zond 5 completes circumnavigation of the Moon
09/17/1972 BART begins passenger service
09/17/1978 Begin, Sadat and Carter sign the Camp David accord.
09/17/1985 Soyuz T-14 carries 3 cosmonauts to Salyut 7 space station
09/18/1755 Fort Ticonderoga, New York opened
09/18/1793 Washington lays cornerstone of Capitol building
09/18/1810 Chile gains its independence.
09/18/1851 "The New York Times" goes on sale, at 2 cents a copy.
09/18/1851 New York Times starts publishing, at 2› a copy
09/18/1927 Columbia Broadcasting System goes on the air.
09/18/1966 Gemini X is launched
09/18/1977 US Voyager I takes 1st space photograph of earth & moon together
09/18/1980 Soyuz 38 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Cuban) to Salyut 6 space station
09/18/1984 Joe Kittinger completes 1st solo balloon crossing of Atlantic
09/19/1356 English defeat French at Battle of Poitiers
09/19/1796 George Washington's presidential farewell address
09/19/1812 Napoleon's retreat from Russia begins
09/19/1848 Bond (US) & Lassell (England) independently discover Hyperion
09/19/1849 First commercial laundry established, in Oakland, California.
09/19/1873 Black Friday: Jay Cooke & Co. fails, causing a securities panic
09/19/1968 Baby born on Golden Gate Bridge (those Marin County folk!).
09/19/1982 Streetcars stop running on Market St after 122 years of service
09/20/1519 Magellan starts 1st successful circumnavigation of the world.
09/20/1797 US frigate "Constitution" (Old Ironsides) launched in Boston.
09/20/1859 Patent granted on the electric range.
09/20/1884 Equal Rights Party founding convention in San Francisco, nominated female candidates for President, Vice President.
09/20/1945 German rocket engineers begin work in US
09/20/1951 First North Pole jet crossing
09/20/1954 First FORTRAN computer program is run
09/20/1970 Luna 16 lands on Moon's Mare Fecunditatis, drills core sample
09/21/1784 1st daily newspaper in US begins publication in Pennsylvania.
09/21/1895 1st auto manufacturer opens -- Duryea Motor Wagon Company.
09/21/1930 Johann Ostermeyer patents his invention, the flashbulb.
09/21/1954 The nuclear submarine "Nautilus" is commissioned.
09/21/1958 1st airplane flight exceeding 1200 hours, lands at Dallas Texas
09/21/1964 Malta gains independence from Britain
09/21/1974 US Mariner 10 makes second fly-by of Mercury
09/21/1981 Sandra Day O'Conner becomes the 1st female Supreme Court Justice
09/21/1982 SF cable cars cease operations for 2 years of repairs
09/22/1789 The US Post Office was established.
09/22/1863 President Lincoln makes his Emancipation Proclamation speech.
09/22/1893 1st auto built in US (by Duryea brothers) runs in Springfield
09/22/1903 Italo Marchiony granted a patent for the ice cream cone
09/22/1980 War between Iran and Iraq begins, lasts eight years. No winner.
09/23/1779 Naval engagement between 'Bonhomme Richard' and 'HMS Serepis'.
09/23/1780 John Andre reveals Benedict Arnold's plot to betray West Point.
09/23/1846 Johann Galle & Heinrich d'Arrest find Neptune
09/23/1912 First Mack Sennett "Keystone Comedy" movie is released.
09/23/1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formed, (National Day)
09/23/1952 First closed circuit pay-TV telecast of a sports event.
09/23/1952 Richard Nixon makes his "Checker's" speech
09/23/1973 Largest known prime, 2 ^ 132,049 - 1, is calculated.
09/24/1789 Congress creates the Post Office.
09/24/1845 1st baseball team is organized.
09/24/1852 A new invention, the dirigible, is demonstrated.
09/24/1853 1st round-the-world trip by yacht (Cornelius Vanderbilt).
09/24/1869 Black Friday: crashing gold prices causes stock market panic.
09/24/1895 1st round-the-world trip by a woman on a bicycle (took 15 months
09/24/1929 Lt James H Doolittle guided a Consolidated N-Y-2 Biplane over Mitchell Field in NY in the 1st all-instrument flight
09/24/1934 Babe Ruth makes his farewell appearance as a baseball player
09/24/1941 Nine Allied govts pledged adherence to the Atlantic Charter
09/24/1954 "The Tonight Show" premieres.
09/24/1957 Eisenhower orders US troops to desegregate Little Rock schools
09/24/1960 USS Enterprise, 1st nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, launched
09/24/1963 Senate ratifies treaty with Britain & USSR limit nuclear testing
09/24/1979 CompuServe system starts, first public computer info service.
09/25/1493 Columbus sails on his second voyage to America
09/25/1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean
09/25/1639 First printing press in America goes to work.
09/25/1789 Congress proposes the Bill of Rights.
09/25/1890 Congress establishes Yosemite National Park.
09/25/1926 Henry Ford announces the five day work week
09/25/1956 First transatlantic telephone cable goes into operation
09/25/1973 3-man crew of Skylab II make safe splashdown after 59 days.
09/26/1542 Cabrillo discovers California
09/26/1687 Parthenon destroyed in war between Turks & Venetians
09/26/1789 Jefferson appointed 1st Sec of State; John Jay 1st chief justice; Samuel Osgood 1st Postmaster & Edmund J Randolph 1st Attorney Gen
09/26/1824 Kapiolani defies Pele (Hawaiian volcano goddess) and lives.
09/26/1896 John Philip Sousa's Band's first performance in Plainfield, NJ
09/26/1914 Federal Trade Commission formed to regulate interstate commerce
09/26/1950 UN troops in Korean War recaptured South Korean capital of Seoul
09/26/1966 Japan launches its 1st satellite in to space
09/26/1966 The Staten Island is 1st icebreaker to enter SF bay
09/26/1983 Australia II wins The America's Cup yacht race
09/26/1983 Cosmonauts Titov & Strekalov are saved from exploding Soyuz T-10
09/27/1540 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola
09/27/1787 Constitution submitted to the states for ratification
09/27/1825 Railroad transportation is born with 1st track in England.
09/27/1941 First WWII liberty ship, freighter Patrick Henry, is launched
09/27/1964 Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. Ha!
09/27/1973 Soyuz 12 launched
09/28/1066 William the Conqueror landed in England
09/28/1542 Juan Cabrillo discovers California, at San Diego Bay.
09/28/1781 Siege of Yorktown begins, last battle of the Revolutionary War
09/28/1858 Donati's comet becomes the 1st to be photographed
09/28/1920 Baseball's biggest scandal, grand jury indicts 8 White Sox for throwing the 1919 World Series with the Cincinnati Reds
09/28/1924 2 US Army planes completed 1st around the world flight
09/28/1965 Jack McKay in X-15 reaches 90 km
09/28/1970 Anwar Sadat replaces Nassar as President of Egypt
09/29/1829 Scotland Yard formed in London
09/29/1859 Spectacular auroral display visible over most of the US
09/29/1923 Steinhart Aquarium in Golden Gate Park opens to public.
09/29/1977 Soviet space station Salyut 6 launched into earth orbit
09/30/1452 1st book published, Johann Guttenberg's Bible
09/30/1659 Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked (according to Defoe)
09/30/1781 siege of Yorktown begins
09/30/1846 William Morris 1st tooth extraction under anesthetics Charlestown
09/30/1880 Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula
09/30/1898 City of New York is established
09/30/1939 1st manned rocket flight (by auto maker Fritz von Opel)
09/30/1967 USSR's Kosmos 186 & 188 complete the 1st automatic docking
09/30/1967 Palace of Fine Arts reopens (1st time during 1915 exposition)
10/01/0331 BC Alexander of Macedon defeats Persian army at Gaugamela
10/01/1869 1st postcards are issued in Vienna.
10/01/1896 Yosemite becomes a National Park.
10/01/1903 1st World Series starts between the National & American Leagues
10/01/1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T car.
10/01/1940 Pennsylvania Turnpike, pioneer toll thruway, opens.
10/01/1949 People's Republic of China proclaimed (National Day)
10/01/1952 first Ultra High Frequency (UHF) TV station, in Portland, Oregon
10/01/1958 Vanguard Project transferred from military to NASA
10/01/1960 Nigeria gains its independence.
10/01/1962 Johnny Carson's Tonight Show and The Lucy Show both premier.
10/01/1962 National Radio Astronomy Observatory gets a 300' radio telescope
10/01/1964 Cable Cars declared a National Landmark.
10/01/1971 Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida opens.
10/01/1979 US returns Canal Zone, not the canal, to Panama after 75 years.
10/02/1608 Hans Lippershey offers the Dutch a new invention - the telescope
10/02/1836 Darwin returns to England aboard the HMS Beagle.
10/02/1870 Italy annexes Rome & the Papal States; Rome made Italian capital
10/02/1889 first Pan American conference.
10/02/1935 NY Hayden Planetarium, the 4th in the US, opens
10/02/1936 first alcohol power plant established, Atchison, Kansas
10/02/1942 first self-sustaining nuclear reaction demonstrated, in Chicago.
10/02/1950 The comic strip 'Peanuts' first appears, in nine newspapers.
10/02/1958 Guinea gains its independence.
10/02/1967 Thurgood Marshall is sworn as first black Supreme Court Justice
10/03/1789 Washington proclaims the 1st national Thanksgiving Day on Nov 26
10/03/1863 Lincoln designates the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving
10/03/1913 Federal Income Tax is signed into law (at 1%).
10/03/1932 Iraq gains full independence from Britain
10/03/1942 Launch of the first A-4 (V-2) rocket to altitude of 53 miles
10/03/1947 first 200 inch telescope lens is completed.
10/03/1955 Captain Kangaroo premieres. Good Morning, Captain!
10/03/1960 San Francisco's White House department store is first to accept the BankAmericard in lieu of cash.
10/03/1962 Wally Schirra in Sigma 7 launched into earth orbit
10/03/1967 AF pilot Pete Knight flies the X-15 to a record 4,534 MPH.
10/04/1636 first code of law for Plymouth Colony
10/04/1824 Mexico becomes a republic
10/04/1926 The dahlia is officially designated as the SF City Flower.
10/04/1957 USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite.
10/04/1958 Transatlantic jet passenger service begins
10/04/1959 USSR's Luna 3 sends back first photos of Moon's far side
10/04/1960 Courier 1B Launched: first active repeater satellite in orbit
10/04/1966 Lesotho (Basutoland) gains independence from Britain
10/04/1985 21st Space Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 1 is launched
10/05/1908 Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey
10/05/1910 Portugal overthrows monarchy, proclaims republic
10/05/1921 first radio broadcast of the World Series.
10/05/1923 Edwin Hubble identifies the first Cepheid variable star
10/05/1931 first nonstop transpacific flight, Japan to Washington state
10/05/1970 PBS becomes a network. TV worth watching.
10/05/1982 Unmanned rocket sled reaches 9,851 kph at White Sands, N. Mexico
10/05/1984 Challenger carries first Canadian, Marc Garneau, into orbit.
10/06/1889 Thomas Edison shows his first motion picture.
10/06/1927 "The Jazz Singer", 1st movie with a sound track, premieres.
10/06/1959 Soviet Luna 3, first successful photo spacecraft, impacts moon.
10/06/1973 Egypt and Syria invade Israel - The Yom Kippur war
10/07/1571 Turkish fleet defeated by Spanish & Italians in Battle of Lepanto
10/07/1765 The Stamp Act Congress convenes in New York
10/07/1777 British defeated by Americans at the Battle of Saratoga
10/07/1826 Granite Railway (1st chartered railway in US) begins operations
10/07/1931 first infra-red photographis taken, in Rochester, NY
10/07/1949 Democratic Republic of Germany (East) is formed.
10/07/1959 Luna 3 photographs the far side of the moon.
10/07/1968 Motion Picture Association of America adopts film rating system.
10/08/1604 The supernova called "Kepler's nova" is first sighted.
10/08/1871 The Great Fire destroys over 4 square miles of Chicago.
10/08/1896 Dow Jones starts reporting an average of industrial stocks
10/08/1933 San Francisco's Coit Tower is dedicated to firefighters.
10/08/1935 Ozzie & Harriet Nelson are married.
10/08/1970 Alexander Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
10/09/1000 Leif Ericson discovers "Vinland" (possibly New England)
10/09/1635 Religious dissident Roger Williams banished from Mass Bay Colony
10/09/1776 Mission Delores is founded by San Francisco Bay.
10/09/1888 Public admitted to Washington Monument.
10/09/1936 Hoover Dam begins transmitting electricity to Los Angeles
10/09/1962 Uganda gains independence from Britain (National Day).
10/09/1975 Andrei Sakharov wins the Nobel Peace Prize
10/10/1845 US Naval academy opens at Annapolis, Maryland
10/10/1846 Neptune's moon Triton discovered by William Lassell
10/10/1911 The Manchu Dynasty is overthrown in China.
10/10/1933 first synthetic detergent for home use marketed
10/10/1963 Nuclear Atmospheric Test Ban treaty is signed by US, UK, USSR.
10/10/1964 18th Summer Olympic Games opened in Tokyo.
10/10/1970 Fiji gains independence from Britain (National Day).
10/10/1973 VP Spiro T. Agnew pleads no contest to tax evasion & resigns.
10/10/1975 Israel formally signs Sinai accord with Egypt
10/10/1980 Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope network dedicated.
10/10/1985 US jets force Egyptian plane carrying hijackers of Italian ship Achille Lauro to land in Italy. Gunmen are placed in custody.
10/11/1797 British naval forces defeat Dutch off Camperdown, Netherlands
10/11/1811 "Juliana", the first steam-powered ferryboat, begins operation.
10/11/1890 Daughters of the American Revolution founded.
10/11/1958 Pioneer 1 launched; first spacecraft launched by NASA
10/11/1968 Apollo 7 launched, first of the manned Apollo missions.
10/11/1969 Soyuz 6 launched; Soyuz 7 & 8 follow in next two days.
10/11/1980 Cosmonauts Popov & Ryumin set space endurance record of 184 days
10/11/1984 Kathy Sullivan becomes first American woman to walk in space.
10/11/1987 200,000 gays march for civil rights in Washington.
10/12/1492 Columbus arrives in the Bahamas; the real Columbus Day.
10/12/1957 first commercial flight between California and Antartica.
10/12/1960 Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe at UN General Assembly session.
10/12/1963 Archaeological dig begins at Masada, Israel
10/12/1964 USSR launches first 3-man crew into space
10/12/1968 Equatorial Guinea gains independence from Spain.
10/12/1972 Mariner 9 takes pictures of the Martian north pole. No Santa.
10/12/1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War get the Nobel Peace Prize.
10/13/1775 Continental Congress establishes a navy
10/13/1792 George Washington lays the cornerstone of the Executive Mansion
10/13/1969 Soyuz 8 is launched
10/13/1985 13th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 6 is launched
10/13/1987 1st military use of trained dolphins, by US Navy in Persian Gulf.
10/14/1066 Battle of Hastings, in which William the Conqueror wins England
10/14/1774 1st declaration of colonial rights in America.
10/14/1947 Chuck Yeager makes 1st supersonic flight, Mach 1.015 at 12,800m.
10/15/1860 Grace Bedell writes to Lincoln, tells him to grow a beard.
10/15/1914 ASCAP founded (American Soc of Composers, Authors & Publishers)
10/15/1964 Kosygin & Brezhnev replace Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev
10/16/1846 Dentist William T. Morton demonstrates the effectiveness of ether
10/16/1859 John Brown attacks the armory at Harper's Ferry.
10/16/1869 A hotel in Boston becomes the 1st to have indoor plumbing.
10/16/1916 Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic, in New York.
10/16/1962 Cuban missile crisis begins: JFK learns of missiles in Cuba.
10/16/1964 Brezhnev & Kosygin replace Krushchev as head of Russia
10/16/1964 China becomes world's 5th nuclear power
10/16/1970 Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt, succeeds Gamal Nassar.
10/16/1973 Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Tho jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize
10/16/1978 Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla elected supreme pontiff-John Paul I
10/16/1982 Mt Palomar Observatory 1st to detect Halley's comet 13th return
10/16/1982 Shultz warns US will withdraw from UN if it excludes Israel.
10/16/1985 Intel introduces 32-bit 80386 microcomputer chip.
10/17/1492 Columbus sights the isle of San Salvador.
10/17/1777 British General John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, NY
10/17/1781 Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown.
10/17/1919 the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), is created.
10/17/1931 Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion.
10/17/1933 Albert Einstein arrives in the US, a refugee from Nazi Germany.
10/17/1941 1st American destroyer torpedoed in WW II, USS Kearny off Iceland
10/17/1973 The Arab oil embargo begins. It will last until March, 1974.
10/17/1977 West German commandos storm hijacked Lufthansa plane in Mogadishu Somalia, freeing 86 hostages & kill three of the four hijackers.
10/17/1979 Mother Teresa of India was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
10/17/1989 Destructive 7.1 earthquake strikes Northern California.
10/18/1685 Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism.
10/18/1867 US takes formal possession of Alaska from Russia ($7.2 million).
10/18/1869 The United States take possession of Alaska.
10/18/1873 The Ivy League establishes rules for college football.
10/18/1892 1st commercial long-distance phone line opens (Chicago - NYC)
10/18/1922 British Broadcasting Corporation, the BBC, is established.
10/18/1962 Watson of US, Crick & Wilkins of Britain win Nobel Prize for Medicine for work in determining the structure of DNA.
10/18/1967 Soviet Venera 4 is the first probe to send data back from Venus
10/18/1968 US Olympic Committee suspended Tommie Smith & John Carlos, for giving `black power' salute as a protest during victory ceremony
10/18/1968 Robert Beaman of US broad jumps a record 8.90 m. Still stands.
10/19/1781 Cornwallis surrenders at 2PM, the fighting is over.
10/19/1845 Wagner's opera Tannh„user performed for the first time.
10/19/1879 Thomas A. Edison successfully demenstrates the electric light
10/19/1967 Mariner 5 flies by Venus
10/19/1968 Golden Gate Bridge charges tolls only for southbound cars.
10/20/1600 Battle of Sekigahara, which established the Tokugawa clan as rulers of Japan (SHOGUN) until 1865 (basis of Clavell's novel).
10/20/1740 Maria Theresa becomes ruler of Austria, Hungary & Bohemia
10/20/1803 the Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
10/20/1818 US & Britain agree to joint control of Oregon country.
10/20/1820 Spain gives Florida to the United States.
10/20/1906 Dr Lee DeForest gives a demonstration of his radio tube.
10/20/1944 MacArthur returns to the Phillipines, says "I have returned."
10/20/1979 John F. Kennedy Library dedicated in Boston.
10/21/1797 US Navy frigate Constitution, Old Ironsides, launched in Boston
10/21/1805 Battle of Trafalgar, where Nelson established British naval supremacy for the next century.
10/21/1868 Severe earthquake at 7:53AM.
10/21/1879 Thomas Edison commercially perfects the light bulb.
10/21/1897 Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago is dedicated.
10/21/1918 Margaret Owen sets world typing speed record of 170 wpm for 1 min
10/21/1923 Deutsches Museum, Walther Bauersfeld's first Zeiss Planetarium.
10/21/1945 Women in France allowed to vote for the first time
10/21/1975 Venera 9, 1st craft to orbit the planet Venus launched
10/21/1976 Saul Bellow wins Nobel Prize for Literature
10/21/1977 US recalls William Bowdler, ambassador to South Africa
10/22/1746 Princeton University in New Jersey received its charter.
10/22/1797 Andr‚-Jacques Garnerin makes 1st parachute jump from balloon
10/22/1836 Sam Houston inaugurated as 1st elected pres of Republic of Texas
10/22/1953 Laos gains full independence from France.
10/22/1962 Pacific Science Center opens at Seattle Center.
10/22/1962 JFK imposes naval blockade on Cuba, beginning missile crisis.
10/22/1975 Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 lands on Venus
10/22/1981 US National debt topped $1 TRILLION (nothing to celebrate).
10/22/1981 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization is decertified.
10/22/4004 B.C. Universe created at 8:00 PM, according to the 1650 pronouncement of Anglican archbishop James Ussher.
10/23/1910 Blanche Scott becomes first woman solo a public airplane flight
10/23/1915 25,000 women march in New York, demanding the right to vote
10/23/1941 Walt Disney's "Dumbo" is released
10/23/1946 UN Gen Assembly convenes in NY for 1st time in Flushing Meadow.
10/23/1956 The ill-fated revolt in Communist Hungary starts, later crushed by Soviet tanks.
10/23/1958 Soviet novelist Boris Pasternak, wins Nobel Prize for Literature
10/23/1977 By 2/3 majority, Panamanians vote to approve a new Canal Treaty
10/23/1980 Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin resigns, due to illness.
10/24/1836 the match is patented.
10/24/1851 William Lassell discovers Ariel & Umbriel, satellites of Unranus.
10/24/1901 Anna Taylor, first to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel & live
10/24/1929 "Black Thursday," the beginning of the stock market crash.
10/24/1945 United Nations Charter goes into effect.
10/24/1964 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) gains independence from Britain
10/24/1973 Yom Kippur War ends, Israel 65 miles from Cairo, 26 from Damascus
10/25/1415 Battle of Agincourt, Welsh longbow defeats the armored knight
10/25/1671 Giovanni Cassini discovers Iapetus, satellite of Saturn.
10/25/1675 Iapetus, moon of Saturn, Discovered by Giovanni Cassini
10/25/1825 Erie Canal opens for business in New York.
10/25/1854 The Light Brigade charges (Battle of Balaklava) (Crimean War)
10/25/1903 Senate begins investigating Teapot Dome scandals of Harding admin
10/25/1960 first electronic wrist watch placed on sale, New York
10/25/1971 UN General Assembly admits Mainland China & expels Taiwan.
10/25/1971 Roy Disney dedicates Walt Disney World
10/25/1975 USSR Venera 10 made day Venus landing
10/25/1983 US invades Grenada, a country of 1/2000 its population.
10/26/1825 Erie Canal between Hudson River & Lake Erie opened
10/26/1861 Telegraph service inaugurated in US (end of Pony Express).
10/26/1863 Soccer rules standardized; rugby starts as a separate game.
10/26/1881 Shootout at the OK corral, in Tombstone, Arizona.
10/26/1903 "Yerba Buena" is 1st Key System ferry to cross San Francisco Bay.
10/26/1949 Pres Truman increases minimum wage - from 40 cents to 75 cents.
10/26/1956 International Atomic Energy Agency established.
10/26/1957 Vatican Radio begins broadcasting
10/26/1958 PanAm flies the first transatlantic jet trip: New York to Paris.
10/26/1968 Soyuz 3 is launched
10/26/1970 the "Doonesbury" comic strip debuts in 28 newspapers
10/26/1972 Guided tours of Alcatraz (by Park Service) begin.
10/26/1979 St. Vincent & the Grenadines gains independence from Britain.
10/26/1984 "Baby Fae" gets a baboon heart in an experimental transplant in Loma Linda, CA. She will live for 21 days with the animal heart.
10/27/1787 The 'Federalist' letters started appearing in NY newspapers.
10/27/1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo, provides free navigation of Mississippi
10/27/1858 RH Macy & Co. opens 1st store, on 6th Avenue, New York City.
10/27/1896 1st Pali Road completed in Hawaii (the Pali is a cliff where the winds are so strong streams flow UP! Honest!).
10/27/1938 DuPont announces its new synthetic fiber will be called 'nylon'
10/27/1961 first Saturn makes an unmanned flight test
10/27/1971 Republic of the Congo becomes Zaire.
10/27/1972 Golden Gate National Recreation Area created.
10/27/1978 Menachim Begin & Anwar Sadat win the Nobel Peace Prize
10/28/1492 Columbus discovers Cuba.
10/28/1636 Harvard University founded.
10/28/1793 Eli Whitney applies for patent for the cotton gin.
10/28/1886 Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.
10/28/1904 St. Louis Police try a new investigation method - fingerprints.
10/28/1918 Czechoslovakia declares independence from Austria.
10/28/1919 Volstead Act passed by Congress, starting Prohibition.
10/28/1922 Benito Mussolini takes control of Italy's government.
10/28/1962 Krushchev orders withdrawal of Cuban missiles
10/28/1965 Pope Paul VI says Jews not collectively guilty for crucifixion.
10/28/1965 Gateway Arch (190 meters high) completed in St. Louis, Missouri.
10/28/1970 US/USSR signed an agreement to discuss joint space efforts
10/28/1971 England becomes 6th nation to have a satellite (Prospero) in orbi
10/29/0539 BC Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great of Persia.
10/29/1682 Pennsylvania granted to William Penn by King Charles II.
10/29/1727 a severe earthquake strikes New England.
10/29/1833 1st College Fraternity founded.
10/29/1863 International Committee of the Red Cross founded: It has been awarded Nobel Prizes in 1917, 1944 and 1963.
10/29/1863 Intl Comm. of the Red Cross founded (Nobel 1917, 1944, 1963).
10/29/1923 Turkey is proclaimed to have a republican government.
10/29/1929 "Black Tuesday", the Stock Market crash.
10/29/1939 Golden Gate International Exposition closes (1st closure).
10/29/1956 "Goodnight, David" "Goodnight, Chet" heard on NBC for 1st time. (Chet Huntley & David Brinkley, team up on NBC News).
10/30/1270 the 8th and last crusade is launched.
10/30/1864 Helena, capital of Montana, founded.
10/30/1905 Tsar Nicholas II grants Russia a constitution.
10/30/1938 Orson Welles panics nation with broadcast: "War of the Worlds"
10/30/1945 US govt announces end of shoe rationing.
10/30/1953 General George C. Marshall is awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
10/30/1953 Dr. Albert Schweitzer receives Nobel Peace Prize for 1952.
10/30/1961 Soviet Union detonates a 58 megaton hydrogen bomb
10/30/1961 Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution removing Josef Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square.
10/30/1967 USSR Kosmos 186 & 188 make 1st automatic docking
10/30/1978 Laura Nickel & Curt Noll find 25th Mersenne prime, 2 ^ 21701 - 1.
10/30/1985 space shuttle Challenger carries 8 crewmen (2 Germans, 1 Dutch).
10/31/1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses, begins Protestant Reformation
10/31/1864 Nevada admitted as 36th state.
10/31/1922 Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) becomes premier of Italy.
10/31/1952 first thermonuclear bomb detonated - Marshall Islands
10/31/1959 Lee Harvey Oswald announces in Moscow he will never return to US
11/01/1870 US Weather Bureau begins operations.
11/01/1943 WW II Dimout ban lifted in San Francisco Bay area.
11/01/1952 first hydrogen bomb exploded at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific.
11/01/1981 First Class Mail raised from 18 to 20 cents.
11/02/1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement
11/02/1920 KDKA (Pittsburgh) on the air as 1st commercial radio station.
11/02/1947 Howard Hughes' Spruce Goose flies for 1st (& last) time.
11/02/1948 Truman beats Dewey, confounding pollsters and newspapers.
11/03/1620 Great Patent granted to Plymouth Colony
11/03/1903 Panama gains its independence from Columbia.
11/03/1917 First Class Mail now costs 3 cents.
11/03/1952 Charles Birdseye markets frozen peas.
11/03/1956 the Wizard of Oz is first televised.
11/03/1957 USSR launches the dog "Laika": the first animal in orbit
11/03/1973 Mariner 10 launched-first Venus pics, first mission to Mercury
11/03/1978 UK grants Dominica independence (National Day)
11/03/1979 63 Americans taken hostage at American Embassy in Teheran, Iran
11/03/1986 Lebanese magazine Ash Shirra reveals secret US arms sales to Iran
11/04/1854 Lighthouse established on Alcatraz Island
11/04/1922 Howard Carter discovers the tomb of Tutankhamen.
11/04/1924 1st woman governor in US elected in Wyoming.
11/04/1984 Nicaragua holds 1st free elections in 56 years; Sandinistas win 63%
11/05/1605 Plot to blow up British parliment fails - first Guy Fawkes day
11/05/1781 John Hanson elected 1st "President of the United States in Congress assembled" (8 years before Washington was elected).
11/05/1875 Susan B Anthony is arrested for attempting to vote
11/05/1895 1st US patent granted for the automobile, to George B Selden
11/05/1967 ATS-3 launched by US to take 1st pictures of full Earth disc
11/06/1844 Spain grants Dominican Rep independence
11/06/1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president.
11/06/1862 1st Direct Telegraphic link between New York and San Francisco
11/06/1869 1st intercollegiate football game played (Rutgers 6, Princeton 4
11/06/1917 the Russian Bolshevik revolution begins.
11/06/1939 WGY-TV (Schenectady NY), 1st commercial-license station begins
11/06/1962 Nixon tells press he won't be available to kick around any more
11/07/1805 Lewis and Clark first sighted the Pacific Ocean.
11/07/1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, gave Harrison a presidential slogan.
11/07/1872 Mary Celeste sails from NY to Genoa; found abandoned 4 weeks later
11/07/1875 Verney Cameron is 1st European to cross equitorial Africa from sea to sea.
11/07/1885 Canada completes its own transcontinental railway.
11/07/1917 October Revolution overthrows Russian Provisional Government
11/07/1918 Goddard demonstrates tube-launched solid propellant rocket
11/07/1983 Bomb explodes in US Capitol, causing heavy damage but no injuries
11/08/1793 The Louvre, in Paris, is opened to the public.
11/08/1889 Montana admitted as 41st state
11/08/1895 Wilhelm R”ntgen discovers x-rays
11/08/1923 Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" failed, In jail, writes "Mein Kampf"
11/08/1939 Life with Father, opens on Broadway, closes in 1947, a record.
11/08/1984 14th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 2 is launched
11/09/1799 Napoleon becomes dictator (1st consul) of France
11/09/1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox ending the US Civil War.
11/09/1953 Cambodia (now Kampuchea) gains independence within French Union
11/09/1965 at 5:16pm, a massive power failure blacks out New Engl. & Ontario
11/09/1967 first unmanned Saturn V flight to test Apollo 4 reentry module
11/10/1775 US Marine Corps established by Congress
11/10/1801 Kentucky outlaws dueling
11/10/1864 Austrian Archduke Maximilian became emperor of Mexico
11/10/1871 Stanley presumes to meet Livingston in Ujiji, Central Africa.
11/10/1891 1st Woman's Christian Temperance Union meeting held (in Boston)
11/10/1945 Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald is liberated by US troops.
11/10/1951 1st Long Distance telephone call without operator assistance.
11/10/1968 USSR launches Zond 6 to moon
11/10/1969 Sesame Street premiers
11/10/1970 Luna 17, with unmanned self-propelled Lunokhod 1, is launched
11/10/1975 Ore ship Edmund Fitzgerald lost in a storm on Lake Superior
11/10/1980 Voyager I flies past Saturn, sees many rings, moons.
11/11/1620 41 Pilgrims sign a compact aboard the Mayflower
11/11/1889 Washington admitted as the 42nd state.
11/11/1918 Armistice Day -- WW I ends (at 11AM on the Western Front)
11/11/1921 President Harding dedicates the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier.
11/11/1924 Palace of Legion of Honor in San Francisco is dedicated.
11/11/1939 Kate Smith first sings Irving Berlin's "God Bless America"
11/11/1965 Rhodesia proclaimes independence from Britain
11/11/1966 Gemini 12 is launched on a four day flight.
11/11/1975 Portugal grants independence to Angola (National Day).
11/11/1980 Crew of Soyuz 35 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 37
11/11/1982 Space Shuttle 'Columbia' makes the first commercial flight.
11/11/1987 Van Gogh's "Irises" sells for record $53.6 million at auction
11/12/1918 Austria becomes a republic
11/12/1927 Trotsky expelled from Soviet CP; Stalin is now total dictator.
11/12/1933 first known photo of Loch Ness monster (or whatever) is taken
11/12/1936 Oakland Bay Bridge opened.
11/12/1946 First "autobank" (banking by car) was established, in Chicago
11/12/1954 Ellis Island, immigration station in NY Harbor, closed
11/12/1965 Venera 2 launched by Soviet Union toward Venus
11/12/1965 Venera 2 launched by Soviet Union toward Venus
11/12/1980 US space probe Voyager I comes within 77,000 miles of Saturn
11/12/1981 First time a spacecraft is launched twice -- the Space Shuttle "Columbia" lifts off again.
11/12/1981 first balloon crossing of Pacific completed (Double Eagle V)
11/12/1984 Space shuttle astronauts snare a satellite: first space salvage.
11/13/1849 Peter Burnett is elected 1st governor of California.
11/13/1921 The Sheik, starring Rudolph Valentino, was released.
11/13/1937 NBC forms first full symphony orchestra exclusively for radio.
11/13/1940 Walt Disney's "Fantasia" is released
11/13/1956 Supreme Court strikes down segregation on public buses.
11/13/1971 Mariner 9, is the first space ship to orbit another planet, Mars.
11/13/1982 Vietnam War Memorial dedicated in Washington DC
11/14/1666 Samuel Pepys reports the first blood transfusion (between dogs)
11/14/1792 George Vancouver is first Englishman to enter San Francisco Bay
11/14/1832 first streetcar appears, in New York
11/14/1851 "Moby Dick", by Herman Melville, is published.
11/14/1889 Nellie Bly beats Phineas Fogg's time for a trip around the world by 8 days (72 days).
11/14/1910 1st airplane flight from the deck of a ship.
11/14/1922 BBC begins domestic radio service
11/14/1935 FDR proclaimes the Phillippines are a free commonwealth.
11/14/1959 Kilauea's most spectacular eruption (in Hawaii).
11/14/1969 Apollo 12 is launched
11/15/1777 Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation
11/15/1869 Free Postal Delivery formally inaugurated.
11/15/1881 American Federation of Labor (AFL) is founded in Pittsburgh
11/15/1920 League of Nations holds 1st meeting, in Geneva
11/15/1926 National Broadcasting Company goes on-the-air, with 24 stations
11/15/1939 Social Security Administration approves 1st unemployment check.
11/15/1949 KRON (Channel 4, San Francisco) signs on, from 7 to 10 PM.
11/16/1532 Pizarro seizes Incan emperor Atahualpa
11/16/1864 Sherman begins his march to sea thru Georgia
11/16/1907 Oklahoma becomes the 46th state
11/16/1933 Roosevelt establishes diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
11/16/1965 Venera 3 launched, 1st land on another planet (Crashes on Venus)
11/16/1973 Skylab 4 launched into earth orbit. Look out Australia!
11/17/1558 Elizabeth I ascends English throne upon death of Queen Mary
11/17/1800 Congress convened for its 1st Washington, DC session.
11/17/1869 Suez Canal opens.
11/17/1913 Panama Canal opens for use.
11/17/1970 Russia lands unmanned remote-controlled vehicle on Moon
11/17/1977 Egyptian President Sadat accepts an invitation to visit Israel.
11/18/1497 Bartolomeu Dias discovers Cape of Good Hope
11/18/1820 Antarctica discovered by US Navy Captain Nathaniel B. Palmer.
11/18/1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, gave US canal rights thru Panama
11/18/1913 Lincoln Deachey performs the first airplane loop-the-loop
11/18/1918 Latvia declares independence from Russia
11/18/1928 Mickey Mouse debuts in New York in "Steamboat Willy"
11/18/1936 Main span of the Golden Gate Bridge is joined.
11/19/1493 Christopher Columbus discovers Puerto Rico.
11/19/1620 Mayflower pilgrims reach Cape Cod
11/19/1863 Lincoln delivers his famous address in Gettysburg. Expecting a long speech, the photographer wasn't ready before Lincoln left.
11/19/1895 The pencil is invented.
11/19/1919 Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations rejected by US Senate
11/19/1959 Ford cancels Edsel
11/19/1970 Golden Gate Park Conservatory becomes a State Historical Landmark
11/19/1977 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat arrives in Israel.
11/20/1789 New Jersey becomes the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
11/20/1888 William Bundy invents the first timecard clock.
11/20/1910 Revolution breaks out in Mexico, led by Francisco Madero.
11/20/1914 The State Department starts requiring photographs for passports
11/20/1931 Commercial teletype service began
11/20/1947 Britain's Princess Elizabeth, marries Duke Philip Mountbatten
11/20/1953 first airplane to exceed 1300 mph - Scott Crossfield.
11/20/1977 Egyptian Pres Sadat is 1st Arab leader to address Israel Knesset
11/20/1980 Steve Ptacek in Solar Challenger makes 1st solar-powered flight
11/20/1986 UN's WHO announces 1st global effort to combat AIDS.
11/21/1789 NC becomes 12th state
11/21/1933 first US ambassador is sent to the USSR - WC Bullitt
11/21/1959 Jack Benny(Violin) & Richard Nixon(Piano) play their famed duet
11/21/1964 the world's longest suspension bridge, Verrazano Narrows, opens.
11/22/1906 The International Radio Telegraphic Convention adopts "SOS" as the new call for help.
11/22/1943 Lebanon gains its independence (would that it could keep it)
11/22/1963 President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas.
11/23/1852 Just past midnight an earthquake makes Lake Merced drop 30 feet
11/23/1863 Patent granted for a process of making color photographs.
11/23/1948 Lens to provide zoom effects patented - FG Back
11/23/1948 a patent is granted for the first zoom lens to F.G. Back
11/24/1759 Destructive eruption of Vesuvius
11/24/1874 Patent granted to Joseph Glidden for barbed wire.
11/24/1963 first live murder on TV - Jack Ruby shoots Lee Harvey Oswald.
11/24/1971 "D B Cooper" parachutes from a Northwest 727 with $200,000.
11/25/1783 Britain evacuate New York, their last military position in US
11/25/1866 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
11/25/1884 John B Meyenberg of St Louis patents evaporated milk
11/25/1960 first atomic reactor for research & development, Richland WA.
11/25/1975 Netherlands grants Surinam independence (National Day)
11/25/1983 Soyuz T-9 returns to Earth, 149 days after take-off
11/26/1716 first lion to be exhibited in America (Boston)
11/26/1778 Captain Cook discovers Maui (in the Sandwich Islands).
11/26/1789 first national celebration of Thanksgiving
11/26/1865 Alice in Wonderland is published
11/26/1949 India adopts a constitution as a British Commonwealth Republic
11/26/1965 France launches first satellite, a 92-pound A1 capsule
11/26/1966 first major tidal power plant opened at Rance estuary, France
11/26/1985 23rd Space Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 2 is launched
11/27/1095 Pope Urban II preaches for the First Crusade
11/27/1582 the first Advent Sunday
11/27/1895 Alfred Nobel establishes the Nobel Prize
11/27/1910 New York's Penn Station opens - world's largest railway terminal
11/27/1951 first rocket to intercept an airplane, White Sands, NM
11/27/1971 Soviet Mars 2, is the first to crash land on Mars.
11/27/1985 Space shuttle Atlantis carries the first Mexican astronaut.
11/28/1520 Magellan begins crossing the Pacific Ocean.
11/28/1895 America's auto race starts: 6 cars, 55 miles, winner avgd 7mph
11/28/1912 Albania declares independence from Turkey
11/28/1929 Admiral RE Byrd makes first flight over the South Pole
11/28/1960 Mauritania gains independence from France (National Day)
11/28/1964 Mariner 4 launched; first probe to fly by Mars
11/28/1983 9th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 6 is launched
11/28/1986 Reagan administration exceeds SALT II arms agreement for 1st time
11/29/1887 US receives rights to Pearl Harbor, on Oahu, Hawaii.
11/29/1890 1st Army-Navy football game. Score: Navy 25, Army 0.
11/29/1945 Yugoslav Republic Day is first proclamed.
11/29/1951 first underground atomic explosion, Frenchman Flat, Nevada
11/29/1961 Mercury 5 launches a chimp (Ham/Enos)
11/29/1975 Kilauea Volcano erupts in Hawaii
11/30/1939 USSR invades Finland over a border dispute
11/30/1954 first meteorite known to have struck a woman - Sylacauga Alabama
11/30/1958 first guided missile destroyer launched, the "Dewey", Bath, ME
11/30/1964 USSR launches Zond 2 towards Mars
11/30/1966 Barbados gains independence from Britain
11/30/1967 South Yemen (then Aden) gains independence from Britain
12/01/1640 Portugal becomes independent of Spain
12/01/1821 Santo Domingo (Dominican Rep) proclaims independence from Spain
12/01/1913 1st drive-up gasoline station opens, in Pittsburgh.
12/01/1917 Father Edward Flanagan founds Boys Town
12/01/1918 Iceland becomes independent state under the Danish crown
12/01/1922 first skywriting over the US: "Hello USA" by Capt Turner, RAF.
12/01/1929 Bingo invented by Edwin S Lowe
12/01/1951 Golden Gate Bridge closed because of high winds.
12/01/1958 Central African Republic established (National Day)
12/01/1959 first color photograph of Earth is received from outer space.
12/01/1967 Queen Elizabeth inaugurates 98-inch Isaac Newton Telescope
12/02/1804 Napoleon becomes the first French emperor, crowning himself.
12/02/1805 Napoleon defeats Russians & Austrians at Austerlitz
12/02/1816 1st savings bank in US opens as the Philadelphia Savings Fund
12/02/1823 President James Monroe declares his doctrine.
12/02/1942 1st controlled nuclear reaction at University of Chicago.
12/02/1957 first commercial atomic electric power plant goes to work in PA.
12/02/1971 Soviet Mars 3 is first to soft land on Mars
12/02/1975 Lao People's Democratic Republic founded (National Day)
12/02/1982 1st permanent artificial heart successfully implanted.
12/03/1621 Galileo invents the telescope.
12/03/1954 Joseph McCarthy goes too far in his attacks and is condemned by the U.S. Senate. Not well remembered.
12/03/1967 1st human heart transplant performed, in Capetown, South Africa
12/03/1973 Pioneer 10 passes Jupiter (first fly-by of an outer planet).
12/03/1985 23rd Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 2 returns to Earth
12/04/1783 Gen. Washington bids his officers farewell at Fraunce's Tavern,
12/04/1912 Roald Amundsen reaches South pole
12/04/1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition opens.
12/04/1965 Gemini 7 launched with 2 astronauts
12/05/1492 Columbus discovers Hispaniola
12/05/1776 Phi Beta Kappa, 1st American scholastic fraternity, founded.
12/05/1978 Pioneer Venus 1 begins orbiting Venus
12/06/1492 Haiti discovered by Columbus
12/06/1534 Quito, Ecuador is founded by the Spanish
12/06/1631 first predicted transit of Venus is observed, by Kepler.
12/06/1882 Atmosphere of Venus detected during transit
12/06/1917 Finland gains its independence, from Russia.
12/06/1957 1st US attempt to launch a satellite - Vanguard rocket blows up.
12/07/1787 Delaware ratifies the Constitution, becomes the first state.
12/07/1842 the New York Philharmonic plays its first concert.
12/07/1941 first Japanese submarine sunk by American ship (USS Ward)
12/07/1941 Pearl Harbor is attacked ("A day that will live in infamy.")
12/07/1960 France grants the Ivory Coast independence (National Day)
12/07/1972 Apollo 17, last of the Apollo moon series, launched.
12/08/1931 Coaxial cable is patented
12/09/1792 the first cremation in the US
12/09/1793 Noah Webster establishes New York's 1st daily newspaper.
12/09/1907 1st Christmas Seals sold, in the Wilmington Post Office.
12/09/1961 Tanganyika gains independence from Britain
12/09/1978 Pioneer Venus 2 drops 5 probes into atmosphere of Venus
12/10/1520 Martin Luther publicly burns the papal edict demanding he recant.
12/10/1817 Mississippi becomes 20th state
12/10/1869 Women granted right to vote in Wyoming Territory
12/10/1898 Spanish-American War ends - US acquires Guam from Spain
12/10/1901 first Nobel Peace Prizes (to Jean Henri Dunant, Fr‚d‚ric Passy).
12/10/1906 Theodore Roosevelt (first American) awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
12/10/1920 President Woodrow Wilson receives Nobel Peace Prize.
12/10/1948 UN Genl Assembly adopts Universal Declaration on Human Rights
12/10/1950 Ralph J. Bunche (1st black American) presented Nobel Peace Prize
12/10/1963 Zanzibar gains independence from Britain
12/10/1975 A. Sakharov's wife Yelena Bonner, accepts his Nobel Peace Prize.
12/10/1982 Soyuz T-5 returns to Earth, 211 days after take-off
12/10/1986 Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel accepts 1986 Nobel Peace Prize
12/11/1816 Indiana becomes 19th state
12/11/1917 German-occupied Lithuania proclaims independence from Russia
12/11/1932 Snow falls in San Francisco.
12/11/1946 UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) established (Nobel 1965)
12/11/1958 Upper Volta (now Bourkina Fasso) gains autonomy from France
12/11/1975 First Class Mail now costs 13 cents (had been 10 cents).
12/12/1787 Pennsylvania becomes the 2nd state
12/12/1871 Jules Janssen discovers dark lines in solar corona spectrum
12/12/1901 Marconi receives 1st trans-Atlantic radio signal: England to US.
12/12/1937 the first mobile TV unit, in New York.
12/12/1963 Kenya gains its independence from Britain (National Day).
12/12/1964 Russia launches Voshkod I, 1st multi-crew in space (3 men)
12/13/1903 Wright brothers first airplane flight at Kittyhawk.
12/13/1918 Wilson becomes 1st to make a foreign visit while President.
12/13/1920 Interferometer used to measure 1st stellar diameter (Betelgeuse)
12/13/1974 Maltese Republic Day is declared.
12/13/1978 Susan B. Anthony dollar, 1st US coin to honor a woman, issued.
12/13/1981 Solidarity Day, in Poland.
12/14/1819 Alabama becomes 22nd state
12/14/1911 South Pole 1st reached by Amundsen.
12/14/1962 Mariner 2 makes 1st US visit to another planet (Venus)
12/15/1791 Bill of Rights ratified when Virginia gave its approval.
12/15/1859 G.R. Kirchoff describes chemical composition of sun
12/15/1877 Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
12/15/1939 the first commercial manufacture of nylon yarn.
12/15/1964 American Radio Relay League, is founded. Dit-Dah.
12/15/1965 first rendevous in space: Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 link up.
12/15/1971 USSR's Venera 7 becomes the first craft to land on Venus.
12/15/1984 USSR launches Vega 1 for rendezvous with Halley's Comet
12/16/1689 English Parlimnt adopts Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution
12/16/1773 Big Tea Party in Boston Harbor. Indians most welcome.
12/16/1893 Antonin Dvor k's New World Symphony premieres
12/16/1905 "Variety", covering all phases of show business, 1st published.
12/16/1907 Great White Fleet sails from Hampton Downs on its World Cruise
12/16/1965 Gemini VI returns to Earth
12/17/1538 Pope Paul III excommunicates England's King Henry VIII
12/17/1777 France recognizes independance of the 13 colonies in America.
12/17/1790 an Aztec calendar stone is discovered in Mexico City.
12/17/1791 New York City traffic regulation creates the 1st one-way street
12/17/1843 Charles Dickens's classic, "A Christmas Carol" is published.
12/17/1903 1st sustained motorized air flight at 10:35AM, for 12 seconds, by the Wright Brothers (of course).
12/17/1933 1st professional football game: Chicago Bears vs. NY Giants.
12/17/1969 Tiny Tim and Miss Vicki are married on network television in front of 50 million underwhelmed viewers.
12/17/1979 Budweiser rocket car hits 1190 kph (record for wheeled vehicle)
12/18/1787 New Jersey becomes the 3rd state
12/18/1849 William Bond takes first photograph of moon through a telescope
12/18/1865 13th Amendment ratified, slavery abolished
12/18/1958 first voice from space: Christmas message by Eisenhower
12/18/1958 Niger gains autonomy within French Community (National Day)
12/18/1961 India annexes Portuguese colonies of Goa, Damao & Diu
12/18/1965 Borman & Lovell splash down, ending 2 week Gemini VII orbit.
12/18/1969 Britain abolishes the death penalty
12/18/1985 UN Security Council unanimously condemns acts of hostage-taking
12/19/1686 Robinson Crusoe leaves his island after 28 years (as per Defoe)
12/19/1732 Benjamin Frankin begins publication of "Poor Richard's Almanack"
12/19/1777 Washington settles his troops at Valley Forge for the winter.
12/19/1842 US recognizes the independence of Hawaii
12/19/1889 Bishop Museum founded in Hawaii.
12/19/1932 the BBC begins transmitting overseas.
12/19/1946 War breaks out in Indochina as Ho Chi Minh attacks the French.
12/19/1971 NASA launches Intelsat 4 F-3 for COMSAT Corp
12/19/1986 USSR frees dissident Andrei Sakharov from internal exile
12/20/1606 Virginia Company settlers leave London to establish Jamestown
12/20/1699 Peter the Great orders Russian New Year changed: Sept 1 to Jan 1
12/20/1790 first successful US cotton mill, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
12/20/1803 Louisiana Purchase officially transferred from France to the US.
12/20/1820 Missouri imposes a $1 bachelor tax on unmarried men from 21-50
12/20/1860 South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the union.
12/20/1892 the pneumatic automobile tire is patented
12/20/1892 Phileas Fogg completes around world trip, according to Verne
12/20/1919 Canadian National Railways established (longest on continent with more than 50,000 kilometers of track in US & Canada)
12/20/1922 14 states form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
12/20/1939 Radio Australia starts shortwave service
12/21/1620 The pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock.
12/21/1913 1st crossword puzzle (with 32 clues), printed in New York World
12/21/1937 the first feature-length cartoon with color and sound premieres, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Still one of the best.
12/21/1968 Apollo 8 (Borman, Lovell, Anders), first manned moon voyage
12/21/1973 Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, US & USSR meet in Geneva: peace?
12/22/1964 Lockheed SR-71 spy aircraft reaches 3,530 kph (record for a jet)
12/23/1672 Giovanni Cassini discovers Rhea, a satellite of Saturn
12/23/1690 John Flamsteed sees Uranus but doesn't realize it's undiscovered
12/23/1920 Ireland is divided into two parts, each with its own parliament
12/23/1947 Transistor invented by Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley at Bell Labs
12/23/1968 Borman, Lovell & Anders are the first men to orbit the moon.
12/23/1973 six Persian Gulf nations double their oil prices
12/23/1975 Congress passes Metric Conversion Act
12/23/1986 Rutan & Yeager make 1st around-the-world flight without refueling
12/24/1582 Vasco daGama Day
12/24/1814 Treaty of Ghent signed, ending War of 1812 (this news did not arrive until after the Battle of New Orleans).
12/24/1818 "Silent Night" is composed by Franz Gruber and sung next day
12/24/1851 Library of Congress burns, 35,000 volumes are destroyed.
12/24/1865 Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, TN
12/24/1871 Giuseppe Verdi's "Aida" premieres in Cairo, at Suez canal opening
12/24/1906 the first radio program is broadcast, in Brant Rock, Mass
12/24/1920 Enrico Caruso gave his last public performance
12/24/1936 first radioactive isotope medicine administered, Berkeley, CA
12/24/1951 Libya gains independence from Italy
12/24/1966 Soviet Luna 13 lands on moon
12/24/1968 Apollo 8 astronauts broadcast seasons greetings from the moon.
12/25/0336 first recorded celebration of Christmas on Dec. 25: in Rome
12/25/1066 William the Conqueror was crowned king of England
12/25/1776 Washington crosses the Delaware and surprises the Hessians.
12/25/1868 Despite bitter opposition, Johnson grants unconditional pardons to everyone involved in the Southern rebellion (the Civil War).
12/25/1926 Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan
12/25/1939 Montgomery Ward introduces Rudolph the 9th reindeer
12/26/1492 first Spanish settlement in the new world founded, by Columbus.
12/26/1865 James Mason invents the 1st American coffee percolator.
12/26/1933 US foreswears armed intervention in Western Hemisphere. Ha!
12/27/1825 first public steam railroad completed in England.
12/27/1831 Darwin begins his voyage onboard the HMS Beagle.
12/27/1903 "Sweet Adaline", a barbershop quartet favorite, is 1st sung.
12/27/1932 Radio City Music Hall in New York City opens.
12/27/1934 the first youth hostel is opened, in Northfield, Mass
12/27/1945 International Monetary Fund established-World Bank founded
12/27/1979 Soviet troops invade Afghanistan
12/28/1669 A patent for chewing gum is granted to William Semple.
12/28/1846 Iowa becomes the 29th state
12/28/1890 Battle of Wounded Knee, SD - Last major conflict with Indians
12/28/1902 Trans-Pacific cable links Hawaii to US.
12/28/1912 San Francisco Municipal Railway starts operation at Geary St. (MUNI was the 1st municpally-owned transit system)
12/29/1845 Texas becomes the 28th state
12/29/1848 Gas lights installed at White House for 1st time
12/29/1911 San Francisco Symphony formed.
12/29/1931 Identification of heavy water publicly announced, HC Urey
12/29/1937 Pan Am starts San Francisco to Auckland, New Zealand service.
12/29/1949 first UHF TV station operating regular basis, Bridgeport CT
12/29/1952 first transistorized hearing aid offered for sale, Elmsford NY
12/30/1809 Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston
12/30/1817 first coffee planted in Hawaii
12/30/1853 Gadsden Purchase 45,000 sq miles by Gila River from Mexico for $10 million. Area is now southern Arizona & New Mexico
12/30/1924 Edwin Hubble announces existence of other Milky Way systems
12/30/1938 Electronic television system patented, VK Zworykin
12/30/1975 Democratic Republic of Madagascar founded
12/31/1600 British East India Company chartered
12/31/1744 James Bradley announces earth's motion of nutation (wobbling).
12/31/1857 Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as new capital of Canada
12/31/1862 Union ironclad ship "Monitor" sinks off Cape Hatteras, NC
12/31/1879 Cornerstone laid for Iolani Palace (only royal palace in US).
12/31/1879 Edison gives public demonstration of his incandescent lamp.
12/31/1890 Ellis Island opens as a US immigration depot
12/31/1946 President Truman officially proclaims the end of World War II
12/31/1961 Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than $12 billion
12/31/1974 US citizens allowed to buy & own gold for 1st time in 40 years
12/31/1999 Control of the Panama Canal reverts to Panama SampleFileWriter.java
/* File: SampleFileWriter.java
This program demonstrates writing to an ASCII text file using the FileWriter
class (textbook: page 673). This program handles exceptions that might be thrown
to it by enclosing I/O methods in try/catch blocks.
This program does not generate output to the screen (other than a potential error
message). Get a directory listing to look for the output file (SampleFileWriter.txt),
and use your text editor to look at the file.
*/
import java.io.*;
public class SampleFileWriter
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
FileWriter file;
try // put calls to I/O methods in try/catch blocks
{
file=new FileWriter("SampleFileWriter.txt");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error opening file");
return; // if exception is encountered, leave the method
}
try
{
file.write("Hello world.\nThis is a test.\n\nThank your for your business.\n");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error writing to file");
}
try
{
file.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error closing file");
}
}
}Utility.java
/* File: Utility.java
This file contains several utility methods that are designed to be used
by other programs.
readInt - reads an int value from the keyboard
readDouble - reads a double value from the keyboard
readString - reads a String from the keyboard
padString - pads a numeric string value with a designated character to form a fixed length string
fixString - pads a string with trailing spaces to form a fixed length string
commaString - inserts commas into a string for readability
getMonthName - returns the name of the month
getDayName - returns the name of the day
addComponent - adds a component to a container
*/
import java.text.*; // needed for DecimalFormat class
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*; // used by addComponent method
public class Utility
{
/************************************************************************
readInt()
Method which reads an int value from the keyboard.
Parameters:
none
Returns:
an int value
-999999f if error (invalid input)
example:
int i=Utility.readInt();
*/
public static int readInt()
{
int i;
String s=Utility.readString(); // read a String from the keyboard
try
{
i=Integer.parseInt(s); // try to parse String into an int
}
catch(Exception e) // catch exception thrown by Integer.parseInt
{
i=-999999; // flag to indicate input error
}
return i;
} // return value of i
/************************************************************************
readDouble()
Method which reads a double value from the keyboard.
Parameters:
none
Returns:
a double value
-999999f if error (invalid input)
example:
double d=Utility.readDouble();
*/
public static double readDouble()
{
double d;
String s=Utility.readString(); // read a String from the keyboard
try
{
Double doubleObject=Double.valueOf(s); // try to parse String into a Double
d=doubleObject.doubleValue();
}
catch(Exception e) // catch exception
{
d=-999999; // flag to indicate input error
}
return d;
} // return value of f
/************************************************************************
readString()
Method which reads a String value from the keyboard.
Parameters:
none
Returns:
a String object
example:
String inString=Utility.readString();
*/
public static String readString()
{
int input=0; // define and initialize an int variable
String s=""; // define and initialize a String object
while(input!=10) // loop until LF byte is read
{
try
{
input=System.in.read(); // read next byte from keyboard
}
catch(Exception e)
{
input=13;
}
if(input!=13 && input!=10) // if byte is not CR and not LF, concatenate
{
s=s+(char)input; // cast int input as char, then concatenate
}
}
return s; // return String to calling program
}
/************************************************************************
padString(Number,int,int,String)
Method which pads a string of digits with trailing zeroes and a specified
leading padding character to form a fixed length string with
optional decimal places.
Parameters:
Number number input Number object
int chars length of desired fixed length string
int decimals desired number of digits to the right of the decimal point
in returned fixed length string
String lead character to be used for leading padding
Returns:
a String object
example:
String output=Utility.padString(50.4,6,2,"*");
output will have a String value of "*50.40"
*/
public static String padString(Number number,int chars,int decimals,String lead)
{
DecimalFormat format;
String s="";
if(decimals>0)
{
s=".";
for(int i=0;i<decimals;i++)
{
s=s+"0";
}
}
int digits=chars-s.length();
for(int i=0;i<digits;i++)
{
if(i>0 && i%3==0)
{
s=","+s;
}
s="#"+s;
}
format=new DecimalFormat(s);
s=format.format(number);
digits=chars-s.length();
for(int i=0;i<digits;i++)
{
s=lead+s;
}
return s;
}
public static String padString(long number,int chars,int decimals,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Long(number),chars,decimals,lead);
}
public static String padString(double number,int chars,int decimals,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,decimals,lead);
}
public static String padString(String number,int chars,int decimals,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,decimals,lead);
}
public static String padString(Number number,int chars,int decimals)
{
return Utility.padString(number,chars,decimals," ");
}
public static String padString(long number,int chars,int decimals)
{
return Utility.padString(new Long(number),chars,decimals," ");
}
public static String padString(double number,int chars,int decimals)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,decimals," ");
}
public static String padString(String number,int chars,int decimals)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,decimals," ");
}
public static String padString(Number number,int chars)
{
return Utility.padString(number,chars,0," ");
}
public static String padString(long number,int chars)
{
return Utility.padString(new Long(number),chars,0," ");
}
public static String padString(double number,int chars)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,0," ");
}
public static String padString(String number,int chars)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,0," ");
}
public static String padString(Number number,int chars,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(number,chars,0,lead);
}
public static String padString(long number,int chars,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Long(number),chars,0,lead);
}
public static String padString(double number,int chars,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,0,lead);
}
public static String padString(String number,int chars,String lead)
{
return Utility.padString(new Double(number),chars,0,lead);
}
/************************************************************************
fixString(String,int)
Method which pads a string with trailing spaces to form a fixed length field.
Parameters:
String inString input string of digits
int chars length of desired fixed length string
Returns:
a String object
example:
input="test";
output=Utility.fixString(input,10);
output will have a String value of "test "
*/
public static String fixString(String inString,int chars)
{
String s=inString; // get temp string
for(int i=0;i<chars-inString.length();i++) // add trailing spaces
{
s=s+" ";
}
return s.substring(0,chars); // return fixed length field
}
/************************************************************************
commaString(String,int)
Method which inserts commas into a number for readability
Parameters:
String inString input string of digits
int chars length of desired fixed length string
Returns:
a String object
example:
input="test";
output=Utility.fixString(input,10);
output will have a String value of "test "
*/
public static String commaString(String inString)
{
String s="";
int decimal=inString.indexOf(".");
if(decimal==-1)
{
if(inString.length()<3)
{
return inString;
}
s=inString.substring(inString.length()-3,inString.length());
inString=inString.substring(0,inString.length()-3);
while(inString.length()>2)
{
if(inString.length()==3)
{
s=inString+","+s;
inString="";
}
else
{
s=inString.substring(inString.length()-3,inString.length())+","+s;
inString=inString.substring(0,inString.length()-3);
}
}
if(inString.length()>0)
{
s=inString+","+s;
}
}
return s;
}
public static String commaString(long number)
{
return Utility.commaString(number+"");
}
public static String commaString(double number)
{
return Utility.commaString(number+"");
}
/************************************************************************
getMonthName(int)
Returns the month name of a desired month.
Parameters:
int monthNumber month number (1-12)
Returns:
a String object
example:
String monthName=Utility.getMonthName(7);
*/
public static String getMonthName(int monthNumber)
{
String[] monthNames=new String[12];
monthNames[0]="January";
monthNames[1]="February";
monthNames[2]="March";
monthNames[3]="April";
monthNames[4]="May";
monthNames[5]="June";
monthNames[6]="July";
monthNames[7]="August";
monthNames[8]="September";
monthNames[9]="October";
monthNames[10]="November";
monthNames[11]="December";
return monthNames[monthNumber-1];
}
/************************************************************************
getDayName(int)
Returns the day name of a desired day number.
Parameters:
int dayNumber day number (1-7)
Returns:
a String object
example:
String dayName=Utility.getDayName(7);
*/
public static String getDayName(int dayNumber)
{
String[] dayNames=new String[7];
dayNames[0]="Sunday";
dayNames[1]="Monday";
dayNames[2]="Tuesday";
dayNames[3]="Wednesday";
dayNames[4]="Thursday";
dayNames[5]="Friday";
dayNames[6]="Saturday";
return dayNames[dayNumber-1];
}
/************************************************************************
addComponent(Container container,Component component,int align)
Method which adds a component to a container. This method will use a components
preferred size, not necessarily filling up the container (as GridLayout would do).
Parameters:
Container container the container to which the component is to be added
Component component the component
int align a constant from the FlowLayout class
Returns:
nothing
example:
Panel myPanel=new Panel();
myPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,2));
Button myButton=new Button("click me");
Utility.addComponent(myPanel,myButton);
*/
public static void addComponent(Container container,Component component,int align)
{
Panel tempPanel=new Panel();
tempPanel.setLayout(new FlowLayout(align));
tempPanel.add(component);
container.add(tempPanel);
}
public static void addComponent(Container container,Component component)
{
addComponent(container,component,FlowLayout.LEFT);
}
}GUI1.java
/* File: GUI1.java
This is a JFrame-based (GUI) Java application.
GUI1 sub-classes (extends) the Java class hierarchy, defining a new class
that is a sub-class (child) of the JFrame class.
The class hierarchy, from top to GUI1, consists of the following classes:
java.lang.Object
|--java.awt.Component
|--java.awt.Container
|--java.awt.Window
|--java.awt.Frame
|--javax.swing.JFrame
|--GUI1
The corresponding class declarations for the classes shown in this
hierarchy include:
class Object
class Component extends Object
class Container extends Component
class Window extends Container
class Frame extends Window
class JFrame extends Frame
class GUI1 extends JFrame
GUI1 inherits methods and properties from its super-classes. It also
uses classes that are available in the java.awt and javax.swing packages.
Inherited methods used by GUI1:
- setSize() inherited from the Component class
- setTitle() inherited from the Frame class
- setVisible() inherited from the Component class
*/
import javax.swing.*;
public class GUI1 extends JFrame // sub-class the JFrame class
{
public static void main(String[] args) // main() method; execution starts here
{
new GUI1(); // instantiate a GUI1 object (call its constructor)
}
public GUI1() // constructor for the GUI1 class
{
JTextArea display; // define a JTextArea object (from javax.swing package)
this.setTitle("Title for GUI1"); // setTitle() is inherited from superclass
this.setSize(400,600); // as is setSize(); operate on current GUI1 object
display=new JTextArea(); // instantiate a JTextArea object
this.add(display); // add the object to the current GUI1 object
this.setVisible(true); // switch to GUI and display frame
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
display.append(i+"\n"); // append string to display object
}
}
}GUI2a.java
/* File: GUI2a.java
GUI2a demonstrates the use of a layout manager to arrange (and maintain
the arrangement of) widgets on the screen. Java has several Layout Managers:
- FlowLayout
- GridLayout
- BorderLayout
- GridBagLayout
This program uses the FlowLayout layout manager.
GUI2a demonstrates placing several GUI components (widgets) on the screen
(into a frame). It demonstrates the use of three different widgets,
each of which is a class defined in the javax.swing package:
- JLabel
- JTextField
- JButton
GUI2a demonstrates event-driven programming by responding to a button click
in the program. The program implements the ActionListener interface by defining
an actionPerformed() method. The ActionListener interface has one abstract method:
actionPerformed. To implement an interface, you must provide a definition for each
of the interfaces abstract methods.
Java uses a delegation-based event-handling model. You can place various Event Sources
on your layout (GUI application). Most components (JButtons, JTextFields, etc)
can be Event Sources. You then register an Event Listener for each Event Source.
An Event Listener is anything that implements one of the Listener interfaces.
In this example, for instance, GUI2a implements ActionListener, so GUI2a "is a"
ActionListener. It can, therefore, be used as an ActionListener, registered to
listen for events on an Event Source.
To incorporate event-handling in your program, you need to do four things:
import classes and interfaces from the awt.event package
include "implements ActionListener" in your class declaration (so that your class
"is a" ActionListener)
actually implement the ActionListener interface -- over-ride the actionPerformed() method
register an Event Listener for any desired Event Source
*/
import java.awt.event.*; // for the ActionListener interface
import java.awt.*; // for the layout managers
import javax.swing.*; // for the GUI swing components
public class GUI2a extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
private JTextField startText,stopText,sumText;
private JButton calcButton,doneButton;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI2a(); // instantiate a GUI2a object
}
public GUI2a() // the constructor for the GUI2a class
{
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // set "this" GUI2a's layout manager to FlowLayout
this.setTitle("Title for GUI2a"); // setTitle of "this" GUI2a object
this.setSize(600,350);
this.add(new JLabel("starting value:")); // add a JLabel object to the frame
startText=new JTextField(10); // instantiate a JTextField object
this.add(startText); // add to frame
this.add(new JLabel("ending value:")); // add another JLabel object
stopText=new JTextField(10); // and another JTextField object
this.add(stopText);
this.add(new JLabel("sum:")); // another JLabel object
sumText=new JTextField(10); // another JTextField object
sumText.setEditable(false); // use method to prevent editing of this object
this.add(sumText);
calcButton=new JButton("Calculate"); // instantiate JButton object
calcButton.addActionListener(this); // register this GUI2a object as Event Listener
// for calcButton (Event Source)
this.add(calcButton);
doneButton=new JButton("Quit"); // another button
doneButton.addActionListener(this); // register Event Listener for this Event Source
this.add(doneButton);
this.setVisible(true); // make frame visible
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) // event-handling method, receives ActionEvent object
{
if(e.getSource()==this.calcButton) // check source of event that occurred
{ // was it calcButton?
int start,stop,sum; // define three int variables
start=Integer.parseInt(startText.getText()); // convert startText value to int
stop =Integer.parseInt(stopText.getText());
sum=0; // initialize sum
for(int i=start;i<=stop;i++) // loop to calculate sum
{
sum=sum+i;
}
sumText.setText(Integer.toString(sum)); // set text of sumText TextField object for display
}
if(e.getSource()==doneButton) // was event caused by doneButton?
{
System.exit(0); // quit program
}
}
}GUI2b.java
/* File: GUI2b.java
GUI2b uses the GridLayout Layout Manager. It reads events from Trivia.fil and displays
today's Trivia events in a JTextArea (it uses the Date class to get the current date).
Since Trivia.fil contains records with fixed-length fields, the program uses the String
class's substring() method to extract individual fields from the records.
This program also implements an additional event listener, WindowListener. The WindowListener
interface includes seven methods. To implement this interface, you must over-ride all seven of
these methods. This program is actually interested in only one of the methods, windowClosing.
This program provides code for when the user clicks on the little X in the top right corner of
the window to close the window.
*/
import java.awt.*; // for the layout managers
import java.awt.event.*; // for the listener interfaces
import javax.swing.*; // for the GUI swing components
import java.util.*; // for the Date class
import java.io.*; // for the I/O classes
public class GUI2b extends JFrame implements ActionListener,WindowListener
{
private JButton triviaButton,clearButton,quitButton; // define three JButton objects
private JTextArea display; // and a JTextArea for output
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI2b();
}
public GUI2b()
{
this.setTitle("Title for GUI2b");
this.setSize(600,350);
this.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); // set layout manager of the GUI2b
// object to GridLayout (2 rows, 1 column)
Panel topPanel=new Panel(); // instantiate a Panel (container) to hold
// three buttons for the top of the GridLayout
topPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,3)); // set the Panel's layout manager
triviaButton=new JButton("Show Trivia"); // instantiate JButton object
triviaButton.addActionListener(this); // register Event Listener
topPanel.add(triviaButton); // add button to Panel container
clearButton=new JButton("Clear");
clearButton.addActionListener(this);
topPanel.add(clearButton);
quitButton=new JButton("Quit");
quitButton.addActionListener(this);
topPanel.add(quitButton);
this.add(topPanel); // add Panel to the Frame
display=new JTextArea(); // instantiate JTextArea object
display.setEditable(false); // prevent user editing of the TextArea
this.add(display); // add textArea to Frame
this.addWindowListener(this); // register WindowListener
this.setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) // event-handling method, receives ActionEvent object
{
if(e.getSource()==this.triviaButton) // check source of event that occurred
{ // was it the triviaButton Button object?
Date date=new Date(); // instantiate a Date object (deprecated)
int todayMonth=date.getMonth()+1; // getMonth returns 0-11 (increment by 1)
int todayDay=date.getDate(); // day of the month (1-31)
int listCount=0; // initialize a counter
// initialize a string
String string="On "+todayMonth+"/"+todayDay+", the following events happened:\n";
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Trivia.fil")); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
int thisMonth=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(0,2)); // extract month and day from record
int thisDay=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(3,5)); // convert from String to int
if(todayMonth==thisMonth && todayDay==thisDay) // is this trivia event for today?
{
string=string+record.substring(6,10)+"\t"+record.substring(12)+"\n";
listCount++;
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception ex) // catch any exceptions
{
display.setText("error attempting to process Trivia.fil\n"+ex.toString());
return;
}
string=string+"\n"+listCount+" trivia events listed\n";
display.setText(string);
}
if(e.getSource()==this.clearButton) // was event caused by clearButton?
{
display.setText(""); // clear the textArea
}
if(e.getSource()==this.quitButton) // was event caused by quitButton?
{
System.exit(0); // quit program
}
}
public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e) // define WindowListener's seven abstract methods
{
}
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
{
}
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
System.exit(0);
}
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
{
}
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
{
}
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e)
{
}
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
{
}
}GUI2c.java
/* File: GUI2c.java
GUI2c uses BorderLayout as the Layout Manager. It provides a JTextField, into which
the user can enter a customer number (it responds to pressing Enter in the textfield).
The program reads the records in Customer.dat to find the matching customer, and displays
customer information in a JTextArea.
Since Customer.dat contains variable-length, delimited fields, this program uses the
String class's split method to split the records apart into their fields.
This program uses a Panel object as a sub-Container. The Panel may have its own
Layout Manager. You may add Components to the Panel, then add the Panel to your
Frame.
*/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.io.*;
public class GUI2c extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
private JTextField custNumText;
private JTextArea display;
private JButton quitButton;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI2c();
}
public GUI2c()
{
this.setTitle("Title for GUI2c");
this.setSize(600,350);
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); // set Frame's Layout Manager
Panel topPanel=new Panel(); // instantiate a Panel object (container)
topPanel.add(new JLabel("Customer number: ")); // instantiate a JLabel object and add
// it to the panel
custNumText=new JTextField(10); // instantiate a JTextField for input
custNumText.addActionListener(this); // respond to Enter in textfield
topPanel.add(custNumText);
this.add(topPanel,BorderLayout.NORTH); // add Panel to top of Frame
display=new JTextArea(); // instantiate JTextArea for output
this.add(display,BorderLayout.CENTER); // add textArea to center of Frame
quitButton=new JButton("Quit"); // instantiate a JButton
quitButton.addActionListener(this); // respond to button click
this.add(quitButton,BorderLayout.SOUTH); // add to bottom of frame
this.setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
if(e.getSource()==this.custNumText) // was textfield the event source?
{
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{ // get customer number from textfield
int customerNumber=Integer.parseInt(this.custNumText.getText());
boolean flag=false; // set a flag to false
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Customer.dat")); // open data file
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t"); // split record apart based on delimiter
int thisNumber=Integer.parseInt(fields[0]); // convert first field to int
if(customerNumber==thisNumber) // is this the desired customer?
{
display.setText(fields[0]+"\n"+fields[1]+", "+fields[2]+"\n"+fields[4]+
"/"+fields[5]+"/"+fields[3]+"\n$"+fields[6]);
flag=true; // set flag to true
break; // and break out of loop
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
if(!flag) // if flag is still false,
{ // customer not found
display.setText("Customer not found");
}
}
catch(Exception ex) // catch any exceptions
{
display.setText("error attempting to process Customer.dat\n"+ex.toString());
return;
}
}
if(e.getSource()==this.quitButton) // quit button
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}Customer.dat
Sample records from Customer.dat (variable-length, tab-delimited records)
each record consists of:
customer number, tab, last name, tab, first name, tab, year, tab, month, tab, day, tab, account balance
Clark Pamela 1986 3 1 179
Harris Rachel 1986 3 1 415
Pittman Lagatha 1986 3 1 940
Medders Barbara 1986 3 1 2175
Prince Leola 1986 3 1 837
Coggins Sharon 1986 3 1 3960
Ray Tracie O. 1986 3 1 1850
Thompson Nettie 1986 3 1 860
Hughes Beverly A. 1986 3 1 1640
Isbell Linda Jean 1986 3 1 1176
Mason Ollie Bell 1986 3 1 4462
Richardson Jayne 1986 3 1 1280
Buchanan Mary 1986 3 1 2000
Carr Linda 1986 3 1 400
Copeland Charlotte 1986 3 1 1050
Davis Catherine 1986 3 1 3280
Foster Linda J. 1986 3 1 2400
Jackson Mary A 1986 3 1 3270
Pippin Bonnie 1986 3 1 4400
Stewart Shirley 1986 3 1 3500
Banks Marie 1986 3 1 3829
Clark Janet Marie 1986 3 1 2450
Bishop Bertha 1986 3 1 1561
Pennington Deborah 1986 3 1 3772
Bright Linda 1986 3 1 4000
Williams Vanessa J. 1986 3 1 3200
West Wanda L. 1986 3 1 3000
Houston Bessie Mae 1986 3 1 4987
Baker Mary E. 1986 3 1 250
Gandy Wilda Q. 1986 4 1 1050
Ward Barbara 1986 4 1 1750
Lucious Mary 1986 4 1 50
Lyons Allie V. 1986 4 1 2572
Sorrell Valerie Kay 1986 5 1 250
Park Kangsook 1986 5 1 2140
McDavitt Pam 1986 5 1 1400
Roy Mary B. 1986 6 1 250GUI3a.java
/* File: GUI3a.java
This program demonstrates JScrollBar, AdjustmentListener, and Color objects.
It also demonstrates the concept of an "Adapter class" -- WindowAdapter.
Adapter classes provide an alternative to implementing an interface, subclass the
Adapter class instead.
*/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
// the AdjustmentListener interface listens for sliding of a JScrollBar
public class GUI3a extends JFrame implements AdjustmentListener
{
private JScrollBar redScroll,greenScroll,blueScroll;
private JLabel redLabel,greenLabel,blueLabel;
private JTextArea display;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI3a();
}
public GUI3a()
{
this.setTitle("Title for GUI3a");
this.setSize(600,350);
this.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2)); // the application uses GridLayout, 1 row, 2 columns
Panel leftPanel=new Panel(); // a Panel to hold components for the left cell
leftPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1)); // left panel will be 3 rows, 1 column
Panel redPanel=new Panel(); // contents for the first cell in leftPanel
redPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2));
redPanel.setBackground(Color.RED); // set background color of this panel to red
redScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256); // instantiate a JScrollBar
redScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this); // register adjustmentListener
redLabel=new JLabel(" 128"); // instantiate JLabel
redLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE); // set its text color to white
redPanel.add(redScroll); // add scrollbar to redPanel
redPanel.add(redLabel); // add label to redPanel
leftPanel.add(redPanel); // add redPanel to leftPanel
Panel greenPanel=new Panel(); // the greenPanel
greenPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2));
greenPanel.setBackground(Color.GREEN);
greenScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256);
greenScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
greenLabel=new JLabel(" 128");
greenLabel.setForeground(Color.BLACK);
greenPanel.add(greenScroll);
greenPanel.add(greenLabel);
leftPanel.add(greenPanel); // add greenPanel to leftPanel
Panel bluePanel=new Panel(); // the bluePanel
bluePanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,2));
bluePanel.setBackground(Color.BLUE);
blueScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256);
blueScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
blueLabel=new JLabel(" 128");
blueLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
bluePanel.add(blueScroll);
bluePanel.add(blueLabel);
leftPanel.add(bluePanel); // add bluePanel to leftPanel
this.add(leftPanel); // add the left panel to the overall GridLayout
display=new JTextArea(); // JTextArea for right side of GUI3a
display.setBackground(new Color(128,128,128)); // set to medium gray
this.add(display); // add textarea to overall GridLayout
this.addWindowListener(new MyWindowListener()); // instantiate a MyWindowListener object,
// register it as a Window Listener
this.setVisible(true);
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e) // respond to sliding any scrollbar
{
int red=redScroll.getValue(); // get current "value" of each scrollbar
int green=greenScroll.getValue();
int blue=blueScroll.getValue();
display.setBackground(new Color(red,green,blue)); // update backgroundcolor of textarea
redLabel.setText(" "+red); // display current value of each scrollbar
greenLabel.setText(" "+green); // on its corresponding label
blueLabel.setText(" "+blue);
}
class MyWindowListener extends WindowAdapter // named inner class, extends WindowAdapter
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) // over-ride the windowClosing event
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}GUI3b.java
/* File: GUI3b.java
This program uses NO Layout Manager: null.
*/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
// the AdjustmentListener interface listens for sliding of a JScrollBar
public class GUI3b extends JFrame implements AdjustmentListener
{
private JScrollBar redScroll,greenScroll,blueScroll;
private JLabel redLabel,greenLabel,blueLabel;
private JTextArea display;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI3b();
}
public GUI3b()
{
this.setTitle("Title for GUI3b");
this.setSize(600,350);
this.setLayout(null); // explicitly state NO Layout Manager
int left=10;
int top=10;
int width=250;
int height=100;
Panel redPanel=new Panel(); // contents for the first cell in leftPanel
redPanel.setLayout(null); // no Layout Manager for panel as well
redPanel.setSize(width,height); // manually set the panel's size
redPanel.setLocation(left,top); // and location
redPanel.setBackground(Color.RED); // set background color of this panel to red
redScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256); // instantiate a JScrollBar
redScroll.setSize(width-20,height/2); // set its size
redScroll.setLocation(10,10); // and location (within redPanel)
redScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this); // register adjustmentListener
redLabel=new JLabel("128",SwingConstants.CENTER); // instantiate JLabel
redLabel.setSize(width-20,20);
redLabel.setLocation(10,height/2+10);
redLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE); // set its text color to white
redPanel.add(redScroll); // add scrollbar to redPanel
redPanel.add(redLabel); // add label to redPanel
this.add(redPanel); // add redPanel directly to application
Panel greenPanel=new Panel(); // the greenPanel
greenPanel.setLayout(null);
greenPanel.setSize(width,height);
greenPanel.setLocation(left,top+height+10);
greenPanel.setBackground(Color.GREEN);
greenScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256);
greenScroll.setSize(redScroll.getSize().width,redScroll.getSize().height);
greenScroll.setLocation(redScroll.getLocation().x,redScroll.getLocation().y);
greenScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
greenLabel=new JLabel("128",SwingConstants.CENTER);
greenLabel.setSize(redLabel.getSize().width,redLabel.getSize().height);
greenLabel.setLocation(redLabel.getLocation().x,redLabel.getLocation().y);
greenLabel.setForeground(Color.BLACK);
greenPanel.add(greenScroll);
greenPanel.add(greenLabel);
this.add(greenPanel);
Panel bluePanel=new Panel(); // the bluePanel
bluePanel.setLayout(null);
bluePanel.setSize(width,height);
bluePanel.setLocation(left,top+2*(height+10));
bluePanel.setBackground(Color.BLUE);
blueScroll=new JScrollBar(JScrollBar.HORIZONTAL,128,1,0,256);
blueScroll.setSize(redScroll.getSize().width,redScroll.getSize().height);
blueScroll.setLocation(redScroll.getLocation().x,redScroll.getLocation().y);
blueScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
blueLabel=new JLabel("128",SwingConstants.CENTER);
blueLabel.setSize(redLabel.getSize().width,redLabel.getSize().height);
blueLabel.setLocation(redLabel.getLocation().x,redLabel.getLocation().y);
blueLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
bluePanel.add(blueScroll);
bluePanel.add(blueLabel);
this.add(bluePanel);
display=new JTextArea(); // JTextArea for right side of GUI3a
display.setSize(250,320);
display.setLocation(340,10);
display.setBackground(new Color(128,128,128)); // set to medium gray
this.add(display);
this.addWindowListener(new MyWindowListener()); // instantiate a MyWindowListener object,
// register it as a Window Listener
this.setVisible(true);
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e) // respond to sliding any scrollbar
{
int red=redScroll.getValue(); // get current "value" of each scrollbar
int green=greenScroll.getValue();
int blue=blueScroll.getValue();
display.setBackground(new Color(red,green,blue)); // update backgroundcolor of textarea
redLabel.setText(""+red); // display current value of each scrollbar
greenLabel.setText(""+green); // on its corresponding label
blueLabel.setText(""+blue);
}
class MyWindowListener extends WindowAdapter // named inner class, extends WindowAdapter
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) // over-ride the windowClosing event
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}GUI4a.java
/* File: GUI4a.java
GUI4a modifies GUI3b, using a menu bar instead of buttons.
*/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class GUI4a extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
private JMenuItem calculateItem,clearItem,exitItem; // three menu items (to be clicked)
private JTextField startText,stopText,sumText;
private JTextArea displayArea;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new GUI4a();
}
public GUI4a()
{
JMenuBar menuBar=new JMenuBar(); // instantiate a JMenuBar object
this.setJMenuBar(menuBar); // add it to the frame
JMenu fileMenu=new JMenu("File"); // first main menu option
calculateItem=new JMenuItem("Calculate"); // instantiate item for the menu option
fileMenu.add(calculateItem); // and add it to the menu option
calculateItem.addActionListener(this); // register event listener for menu item
clearItem=new JMenuItem("Clear");
fileMenu.add(clearItem);
clearItem.addActionListener(this);
exitItem=new JMenuItem("Exit");
fileMenu.add(exitItem);
exitItem.addActionListener(this);
menuBar.add(fileMenu); // add the menu option to the menubar
this.setTitle("Title for GUI4a");
this.setSize(600,350);
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); // set layout manager of the frame to BorderLayout
JPanel topPanel=new JPanel();
topPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,2));
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,new Label("starting value:"),FlowLayout.RIGHT);
startText=new JTextField(10);
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,startText);
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,new Label("ending value:"),FlowLayout.RIGHT);
stopText=new JTextField(10);
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,stopText);
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,new Label("sum:"),FlowLayout.RIGHT);
sumText=new JTextField(10);
sumText.setEditable(false);
Utility.addComponent(topPanel,sumText);
this.add(topPanel,BorderLayout.NORTH);
displayArea=new JTextArea(); // instantiate a JTextArea, and put it in a JScrollPane
JScrollPane scroll=new JScrollPane(displayArea,
JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS,JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER);
this.add(scroll,BorderLayout.CENTER); // add the JScrollPane to the center region
this.addWindowListener(new MyWindowListener());
this.setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{ // instead of calling e.getSource three times
JMenuItem thisItem=(JMenuItem) e.getSource(); // call it once, and save its returned value
// (must cast Object object as MenuItem object)
if(thisItem==this.calculateItem) // determine which menu item was clicked
{
float start,stop,sum;
try // put Exception-throwing code in try block
{
start=Float.valueOf(startText.getText()).floatValue();
stop =Float.valueOf(stopText.getText()).floatValue();
}
catch(Exception ex) // catch any possible Exceptions from try block
{
displayArea.append("invalid input!\n");
return; // return after handling Exception
}
sum=0f;
displayArea.setText(""); // clear displayArea (note null string, not " ")
for(float f=start;f<=stop;f++)
{
displayArea.append(f+"\n");
sum=sum+f;
}
sumText.setText(Float.toString(sum));
}
if(thisItem==this.clearItem) // clear item; reset text components
{
startText.setText("");
stopText.setText("");
sumText.setText("");
displayArea.setText("");
}
if(thisItem==this.exitItem) // exit item; terminate program
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
class MyWindowListener extends WindowAdapter // named inner class, extends WindowAdapter
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) // over-ride the windowClosing event
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}Threader.java
/* File: Threader.java
This GUI application demonstrates multi-threaded programming. To use a Thread in a Java program,
you need to subclass the Thread class, over-riding the run() method to provide functionality
to your thread. In this program: instantiate your subclassed thread, then call its start()
method (the start() method will call the run() method).
This program demonstrates both a running time-of-day clock, and an elapsed time clock.
It also demonstrates the difference between an external class (DateClock.java) and a
named inner class (TimerClock).
*/
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Threader extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
private JLabel clockLabel;
private JTextField counter1,counter2,upperLimit;
private JButton startButton1,startButton2;
private DateClock dateClock; // threaded time-of-day clock
private Counter counter; // threaded counter
public static void main(String[] args) // main method
{
new Threader(); // instantiate a Threader object
}
public Threader()
{
this.setTitle("Threader"); // setTitle() is inherited from superclass
this.setSize(800,600); // as is setSize(); operate on current GUI1 object
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout(0,75)); // set the GUI's layout manager
JPanel bottomPanel=new JPanel(); // instantiate two Panel objects (containers)
JPanel centerPanel=new JPanel();
clockLabel=new JLabel();
this.add(clockLabel,BorderLayout.NORTH); // add the Label object to NORTH section of screen
bottomPanel.add(new JLabel("Enter upper limit:")); // start populating a Panel for bottom of screen
upperLimit=new JTextField(10);
bottomPanel.add(upperLimit);
startButton1=new JButton("Unthreaded Start");
startButton1.addActionListener(this); // register event listener for event source
bottomPanel.add(startButton1);
startButton2=new JButton("Threaded Start");
startButton2.addActionListener(this); // register event listener for event source
bottomPanel.add(startButton2);
this.add(bottomPanel,BorderLayout.SOUTH); // add Panel to SOUTH section of screen
centerPanel.add(new JLabel("unthreaded:")); // start populating the center Panel
counter1=new JTextField(10);
counter1.setEditable(false);
centerPanel.add(counter1);
centerPanel.add(new JLabel("threaded:"));
counter2=new JTextField(10);
counter2.setEditable(false);
centerPanel.add(counter2);
this.add(centerPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER); // add third panel to CENTER of screen
dateClock=new DateClock(clockLabel); // instantiate DateClock object
// (pass label for time display)
dateClock.start(); // start dateClock execution
this.setVisible(true); // make the GUI visible
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) // respond to button click
{
int maxValue;
try // try to get numeric representation of
{ // contents of input field
maxValue=Integer.parseInt(upperLimit.getText());
}
catch(Exception ex) // catch conversion error
{
maxValue=0;
}
if(e.getSource()==startButton1)
{
counter1.setText("");
for(int i=1;i<=maxValue;i++)
{
counter1.setText(Integer.toString(i)); // change contents in textfield
}
}
if(e.getSource()==startButton2)
{
counter2.setText("");
Counter counter=new Counter(maxValue); // instantiate new Counter object
counter.start(); // call its start method
counter=null; // remove reference to CounterClock object
}
}
class Counter extends Thread
{
private int maxValue;
public Counter(int m)
{
this.maxValue=m;
}
public void run() // executes any time thread is running
{
for(int i=0;i<=this.maxValue;i++) // counting loop
{
counter2.setText(""+i); // set label text to count
try
{
Thread.sleep(5); // put thread to sleep for 5 milliseconds
}
catch(InterruptedException e) // sleep may throw an exception
{
break; // if so, break from loop
}
}
}
}
}DateClock.java
/* File: DateClock.java
DateClock subclasses java.util.Thread to implement a running time-of-day clock by creating
a separate execution thread for the clock.
In subclassing a Thread, you will usually over-ride the run method to provide the
desired functionality of your thread.
*/
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.*;
public class DateClock extends Thread // subclass the Thread class
{
private JLabel clockLabel; // instance variable
public DateClock(JLabel l) // constructor method
{
this.clockLabel=l; // set instance variable to refer to passed object
}
public void run() // executes any time thread is running
{
while (true) // loop forever
{
GregorianCalendar calendar=new GregorianCalendar(); // instantiate a GregorianCalendar object
this.clockLabel.setText(calendar.getTime().toString());
try
{
Thread.sleep(1000); // put thread to sleep for 1 second
}
catch(InterruptedException e) // sleep may throw an exception
{
break; // if so, break from while loop
}
}
}
}ServletHello.java
/* File: ServletHello.java
This is a simple Java servlet that displays Hello World on the user's web browser.
The .class file for this servlet must be stored in your tomcat "classes" subdirectory.
tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes
Your tomcat server must be running, and you must specify the correct primary port
number when you try to access this class file from your browser.
The servlet must be entered into your web.xml file (which is in your WEB-INF directory):
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ServletHello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ServletHello</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ServletHello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.ServletHello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
IMPORTANT: Any time you change your web.xml, you must stoptom and starttom to re-process
the web.xml file.
Access the servlet with:
http://mislab.business.msstate.edu:8080/servlet/abc123.ServletHello
(substitute your primary port number for "8080" and your net id for "abc123")
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class ServletHello extends HttpServlet // subclass the HttpServlet class
{
// over-ride the doGet method so we can respond
// to a Get method request
// code in this method may throw an Exception,
// so this method throws it as well
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set the response header (content-type)
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("Hello World"); // use it to generate some output
}
}ReadFile.java
/* File: ReadFile.java
This servlet reads the contents of the file ServletHello.java and displays it to the browser
as plain text (not to be rendered by the browser).
Both the .class file for this servlet and the file that it reads (ServletHello.java) must be
stored in your tomcat "classes" subdirectory"
The servlet must be entered into your web.xml file (which is in your WEB-INF directory).
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class ReadFile extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/plain"); // set the response header (content-type)
String filename="/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/ServletHello.java";
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
out.println(record); // print this record, then
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.println("error attempting to open "+filename);
out.println(e.toString());
}
}
}AllTrivia.java
/* File: AllTrivia.java
This servlet reads the contents of the file Trivia.fil and displays its trivia events
to the browser as an HTML table (to be rendered by the browser).
Both the .class file for this servlet and the file that it reads (Trivia.fil) must be
stored in your tomcat "classes" subdirectory.
The servlet must be entered into your web.xml file (which is in your WEB-INF directory).
Since Trivia.fil contains fixed-length records, this program uses the String class's
substring method to extract fields from the records.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class AllTrivia extends HttpServlet // servlets subclass the HttpServlet class
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set the response header (content-type)
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("<!doctype html>"); // generate valid HTML for a web page
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>AllTrivia</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<table>");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
String filename="/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Trivia.fil";
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String date=record.substring(0,10);
String event=record.substring(12);
out.println("<tr><td>"+date+"</td><td>"+event+"</td></tr>");
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to process Trivia.fil<br>");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
out.println("</table>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}BIS3523.css
BIS3523.css
table,td
{
border: thin solid black;
}
table
{
border-collapse: collapse;
}
td
{
padding: 6px;
}
.noBorder {border: none}
.left {text-align: left}
.center {text-align: center}
.right {text-align: right}
.highlight:hover
{
color: black;
background-color: yellow;
}ServerTrivia.java
/* File: ServerTrivia.java
This servlet reads the contents of the file Trivia.dat and displays today's trivia events
to the browser as an HTML table (to be rendered by the browser). "Today" is based on the
server's date and time, not the client.
Since Trivia.dat contains variable-length, delimited records, this program uses the String
class's split method to split the records into their subordinate fields.
This program uses methods of the "deprecated" Date class. You will get a warning when you
compile, but the methods still work. They're deprecated, they're not obsolete.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ServerTrivia extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set the response header (content-type)
Date date=new Date(); // instantiate a Date object (deprecated)
int todayMonth=date.getMonth()+1; // getMonth returns 0-11 (increment by 1)
int todayDay=date.getDate(); // day of the month (1-31)
int listCount=0; // initialize a counter
// generate a heading
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("<!doctype html>"); // generate valid HTML for a web page
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>ServerTrivia</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<table>");
out.println("<tr><td colspan=2>On "+todayMonth+"/"+todayDay+", the following events happened:</td></tr>");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
String filename="/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Trivia.dat";
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t");
int thisMonth=Integer.parseInt(fields[0]);
int thisDay=Integer.parseInt(fields[1]);
if(todayMonth==thisMonth && todayDay==thisDay)
{
out.println("<tr><td>"+fields[2]+"</td><td>"+fields[3]+"</td></tr>");
listCount++;
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to process Trivia.dat<br>");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
out.println("<tr><td colspan=2>"+listCount+" trivia events listed</td></tr>");
out.println("</table>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}
Trivia.dat
01 01 1801 Giuseppe Piazzi discoved 1st asteroid, later named Ceres
01 01 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland established
01 01 1804 Haiti gains its independence
01 01 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln.
01 01 1892 Brooklyn merges with NY to form present City of NY Ellis Island became reception center for new immigrants
01 01 1901 Commonwealth of Australia established
01 01 1902 first Rose Bowl game held in Pasadena, California.
01 01 1912 first running of SF's famed "Bay to Breakers" race (7.63 miles)
01 01 1934 Alcatraz officially becomes a Federal Prison.
01 01 1956 Sudan gains its independence
01 01 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) starts operation.
01 01 1971 Cigarette advertisements banned on TV
01 01 1984 AT & T broken up into 8 companies.
01 01 1986 Spain & Portugal become 11th & 12th members of Common Market
01 02 1776 first American revolutionary flag displayed.
01 02 1788 Georgia is 4th state to ratify US constitution
01 02 1893 World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago
01 02 1921 DeYoung Museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park opens.
01 02 1936 first electron tube described, St Louis, Missouri
01 02 1959 USSR launches Mechta, 1st lunar probe & artificial in solar orbit
01 02 1968 Dr Christian Barnard performs 1st successful heart transplant
01 02 1972 Mariner 9 begins mapping Mars
01 03 1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by Roman Catholic Church
01 03 1777 Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, NJ
01 03 1852 First Chinese arrive in Hawaii.
01 03 1870 Brooklyn Bridge begun, completed on May 24, 1883
01 03 1888 1st drinking straw is patented.
01 03 1957 first electric watch introduced, Lancaster Pennsylvania
01 03 1959 Alaska becomes the 49th state.
01 03 1977 Apple Computer incorporated.
01 04 1754 Columbia University openes
01 04 1784 US treaty with Great Britain is ratified
01 04 1790 President Washington delivers first "State of the Union" speech.
01 04 1896 Utah becomes 45th state
01 04 1948 Burma gains independence from Britain (National Day)
01 04 1959 Soviet Luna 1 first craft to leave Earth's gravity
01 04 1982 Golden Gate Bridge closed for the 3rd time by fierce storm.
01 05 1809 Treaty of Dardanelles was concluded between Britain & France
01 05 1911 San Francisco has its first official airplane race.
01 05 1933 Work on Golden Gate Bridge begins, on Marin County side.
01 05 1969 USSR Venera 5 launched. 1st successful planet landing - Venus
01 05 1972 NASA announces development of Space Shuttle
01 05 1975 Salyut 4 with crew of 2 is launched for 30 days
01 06 1663 Great earthquake in New England
01 06 1838 first public demonstration of telegraph, by Samuel F. B. Morse
01 06 1914 Stock brokerage firm of Merrill Lynch founded.
01 06 1941 FDR names 4 freedoms (speech, religion; from want, from fear)
01 06 1942 first around world flight by Pan Am "Pacific Clipper"
01 07 1558 Calais, last English possession in France, retaken by French
01 07 1610 Galileo discovers 1st 3 moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa & Ganymede
01 07 1714 The typewriter is patented (it was built years later)
01 07 1785 1st balloon flight across the English Channel.
01 07 1822 Liberia colonized by Americans
01 07 1929 "Tarzan", one of the first adventure comic strips appears.
01 07 1963 First Class postage raised from 4 cents to 5 cents.
01 07 1968 First Class postage raised from 5 cents to 6 cents.
01 08 1815 Battle of New Orleans, made a hero out of Andrew Jackson (the War of 1812 had ended on 12/24/1814, but nobody knew that).
01 08 1880 The passing of Norton I, Emperor of the US, Protector of Mexico
01 08 1932 Ratification of present San Francisco City Charter.
01 08 1935 Spectrophotometer patented, by AC Hardy
01 08 1958 Cuban revolutionary forces capture Havana
01 08 1968 US Surveyor 7 lands near crater Tycho on moon
01 08 1973 USSR launches Luna 21 for moon landing
01 09 1788 Conneticut becomes 5th state
01 09 1793 Jean Pierre Blanchard makes 1st balloon flight in North America
01 09 1799 1st income tax imposed, in England.
01 09 1839 Thomas Henderson measures 1st stellar parallax Alpha Centauri
01 09 1839 The daguerrotype process announced at French Academy of Science
01 09 1843 Caroline Herschel, "1st lady of astronomy," dies at 98 in Germany
01 09 1847 first San Francisco paper, 'California Star', published.
01 09 1978 Commonwealth of Northern Marianas established
01 09 1982 5.9 earthquake in New England/Canada; last one was in 1855.
01 10 1776 "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine is published.
01 10 1840 The Penny Post mail system is started.
01 10 1863 1st underground railway opens in London.
01 10 1945 Los Angeles Railway (with 5 streetcar lines) forced to close.
01 10 1946 UN General Assembly meets for first time
01 10 1946 US Army establishes first radar contact with moon. It's there.
01 10 1949 first Jewish family show - The Goldberg's begin
01 10 1951 first jet passenger trip made
01 10 1969 USSR's Venera 6 launched for parachute landing on Venus
01 10 1978 Soyuz 27 is launched
01 11 1642 Isaac Newton is elected a member of Royal Society
01 11 1787 Titania & Oberon, moons of Uranus, discovered by William Herschel
01 11 1813 First pineapples planted in Hawaii.
01 11 1935 1st woman to fly solo across Pacific left Honolulu, AE Putnam
01 11 1935 Amelia Earhart flies from Hawaii to California, non-stop
01 11 1975 Soyuz 17 is launched
01 12 1777 Mission Santa Clara de Asis founded in California
01 12 1820 Royal Astronomical Society, founded in England
01 12 1986 24th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 7 is launched
01 13 1610 Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, 4th satellite of Jupiter
01 13 1630 Patent to Plymouth Colony issued
01 13 1854 Anthony Foss obtains patent for the Accordion.
01 13 1854 Anthony Foss obtains patent for accordion
01 13 1920 NY Times Editorial says rockets can never fly.
01 13 1930 Mickey Mouse comic strip first appears
01 13 1971 Apollo 14 launched (what was that about rockets can't fly??)
01 14 1784 Revolutionary War ends when Congress ratifies Treaty of Paris
01 14 1914 Henry Ford introduces the Assembly Line for his cars.
01 14 1936 L.M. "Mario" Giannini elected president of Bank of America.
01 14 1939 All commercial ferry service to the East Bay ends.
01 14 1969 Soyuz 4 is launched
01 15 1535 Henry VIII declares himself head of English Church
01 15 1759 British Museum opens
01 15 1778 Nootka Sound discovered by Capt. Cook
01 15 1861 Steam elevator patented by Elisha Otis
01 15 1927 Dunbarton Bridge, 1st bridge in Bay Area, opens.
01 15 1948 World's largest office building, The Pentagon, is completed.
01 15 1968 Soyuz 5 launched
01 16 1883 Pendleton Act creates basis of federal civil service system
01 16 1887 Cliff House badly damaged when a cargo of gunpowder on the schooner "Parallel" explodes nearby.
01 16 1920 18th Amendment, prohibition, goes into effect; repealed in 1933
01 16 1969 Soviet Soyuz 4 & Soyuz 5 perform 1st transfer of crew in space
01 16 1973 USSR's Lunakhod begins radio-controlled exploration of moon
01 16 1979 Iranian revolution overthrows shah.
01 16 1991 US led air forces begin raids on Iraq in response to Iraq's August 1990 takeover of Kuwait.
01 17 1773 Capt James Cook becomes 1st to cross Antarctic Circle (66ø 33' S)
01 17 1852 British recognize independence of Transvaal (in South Africa)
01 17 1861 Flush toilet is patented by Mr. Thomas Crapper (Honest!!).
01 17 1871 1st Cable Car is patented by Andrew S. Hallidie.
01 17 1893 Kingdom of Hawaii becomes a republic.
01 17 1899 US takes possession of Wake Island in Pacific
01 17 1943 It was Tin Can Drive Day.
01 17 1945 Liberation Day in Poland (end of Nazi occupation)
01 17 1957 Nine county commission recommends creation of BART.
01 17 1963 Joe Walker takes X-15 to altitude of 82 km
01 17 1976 Hermes rocket launched by ESA
01 18 1644 1st UFO sighting in America, by perplexed Pilgrims in Boston.
01 18 1778 Captain James Cook stumbles over the Hawaiian Islands.
01 18 1869 The elegant California Theatre opens in San Francisco.
01 18 1911 1st shipboard landing of a plane (from Tanforan Park to the USS Pennsylvania).
01 18 1919 Versailles Peace Conference, ending World War I
01 18 1956 Tunisian Revolution Day (National Day)
01 19 1903 1st regular transatlantic radio broadcast between US & England.
01 19 1921 Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras & El Salvador sign Pact of Union
01 20 1265 1st English Parliament, called by the Earl of Leicester
01 20 1872 California Stock Exchange Board organized.
01 20 1887 Pearl Harbor obtained by US from Hawaii for use as a naval base
01 20 1929 1st talking motion picture taken outdoors "In Old Arizona"
01 20 1937 Inauguration day, every 4th year
01 20 1981 US embassy hostages freed in Tehran after 444 days.
01 21 1813 The pineapple is introduced to Hawaii.
01 21 1954 The Nautilus launched, first nuclear submarine.
01 21 1962 Snow falls in San Francisco, believe it or not.
01 21 1979 Neptune becomes the outermost planet (Pluto moves closer).
01 22 1850 The Alta California becomes a daily paper, 1st such in Calif.
01 22 1939 Aquatic Park dedicated.
01 22 1968 Apollo 5 launched to moon, Unmanned lunar module tests made
01 22 1975 Lansat 2, an Earth Resources Technology Satellite, is launched
01 23 1579 Union of Utrecht signed, forming protestant Dutch Republic
01 23 1964 24th Amendment ratified, Barred poll tax in federal elections
01 24 1848 James Marshall finds gold in Sutter's Mill in Coloma, Calif
01 24 1899 The rubber heel is patented by Humphrey O'Sullivan.
01 24 1935 1st beer in cans is sold.
01 24 1982 San Francisco 49'ers win their 1st Super Bowl, 26-21.
01 24 1985 15th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 3 is launched
01 24 1986 Voyager 2 makes 1st fly-by of Uranus finds new moons, rings
01 25 1915 Alexander Bell in New York calls Thomas Watson in San Francisco.
01 25 1925 Largest diamond, Cullinan (3106 carets), found in South Africa
01 25 1949 first Emmy Awards are presented.
01 25 1949 first popular elections in Israel.
01 25 1959 first transcontinental commercial jet flight (LA to NY for $301).
01 25 1964 Echo 2, US communications satellite launched
01 26 1788 1st settlement established by the English in Australia.
01 26 1837 Michigan is admitted as the 26th of the United States
01 26 1841 Hong Kong was proclaimed a sovereign territory of Britain
01 26 1871 American income tax repealed. Would that it had lasted!
01 26 1950 India becomes a republic ceasing to be a British dominion
01 26 1954 Ground breaking begins on Disneyland
01 27 1880 Thomas Edison granted patent for an electric incandescent lamp
01 27 1888 National Geographic Society founded in Washington, DC
01 27 1926 1st public demonstration of television.
01 27 1948 1st Tape Recorder is sold.
01 27 1967 Apollo 1 fire kills astronauts Grissom, White & Chaffee
01 27 1973 US & Vietnam sign cease-fire, ending the longest US war
01 28 1807 London's Pall Mall is the 1st street lit by gaslight.
01 28 1821 Bellingshausen discovers Alexander Island off Antarctica
01 28 1878 George W. Coy hired as 1st full-time telephone operator.
01 28 1915 US Coast Guard established, Semper Paratus
01 28 1938 1st Ski Tow starts running (in Vermont).
01 28 1958 Construction began on 1st private thorium-uranium nuclear reactor
01 28 1960 first photograph bounced off moon, Washington DC
01 28 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger explodes, killing a brave crew and NASA.
01 29 1788 Australia Day
01 29 1861 Kansas becomes 34th state
01 29 1904 1st athletic letters given: to Univ of Chicago football team.
01 29 1920 Walt Disney starts 1st job as an artist $40 week with KC Slide Co
01 29 1959 Walt Disney's "Sleeping Beauty" is released
01 30 1847 Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco.
01 30 1862 US Navy's 1st ironclad warship, the "Monitor", launched.
01 30 1917 1st jazz record in United States is cut.
01 30 1969 US/Canada ISIS 1 launched to study ionosphere
01 31 1851 San Francisco Orphan's Asylum, 1st in California, founded.
01 31 1862 Telescope maker Alvin Clark discovers dwarf companion of Sirius
01 31 1871 Birds fly over the western part of San Francisco in such large numbers that they actually darken the sky.
01 31 1911 Congress passes resolution naming San Francisco as the site of the celebration of the opening of the Panama Canal.
01 31 1950 Pres Truman authorized production of H-Bomb
01 31 1958 1st U.S. satellite launched, Explorer I.
01 31 1958 James van Allen discovers radiation belt
01 31 1961 Ham the chimp is 1st animal sent into space by the US.
01 31 1966 Luna 9 launched for moon
01 31 1971 Apollo 14 launched, 1st landing in lunar highlands.
02 01 1709 Alexander Selkirk (aka Robinson Crusoe) rescued from Juan Fernand
02 01 1790 US Supreme Court convened for first time (NYC)
02 01 1865 13th amendment approved (National Freedom Day)
02 01 1867 Bricklayers start working 8-hour days.
02 01 1920 The first armored car is introduced.
02 01 1958 Egypt & Syria join to form United Arab Republic
02 01 1972 First scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) introduced
02 02 1848 First shipload of Chinese immigrants arrive in San Francisco.
02 02 1848 Mexico sells California, New Mexico and Arizona to the USA.
02 02 1876 National Baseball League formed with 8 teams.
02 02 1880 SS Strathleven arrives in London with first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia.
02 02 1935 Lie detector first used in court in Portage, Wisconsin
02 02 1962 Eight of the planets line up for the first time in 400 years.
02 03 1918 Twin Peaks Tunnel, longest (11,920 feet) streetcar tunnel in the world, begins service in San Francisco.
02 03 1945 Yalta Conference, Russia agrees to enter WWII against Japan
02 03 1966 Soviet Luna 9 first spacecraft to soft-land on moon
02 04 1887 Interstate Commerce Act: Federal regulation of railroads
02 04 1932 First Winter Olympics held (At Lake Placid, NY).
02 04 1936 First radioactive substance produced synthetically - radium E
02 04 1948 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) gains independence.
02 04 1957 First electric portable typewriter placed on sale, Syracuse NY
02 04 1974 Patricia Hearst kidnapped by Symbionese Liberation Army
02 05 1887 Snow falls on San Francisco.
02 05 1953 Walt Disney's "Peter Pan" released
02 05 1971 Apollo 14, 3rd manned expedition to moon, lands near Fra Mauro
02 05 1974 Mariner 10 takes first close-up photos of Venus' cloud structure
02 05 1979 According to Census Bureau, US population reaches 200 million
02 06 1693 College of William and Mary chartered in Williamsburg, Va
02 06 1900 Spanish-American War ends
02 06 1922 US, UK, France, Italy & Japan sign Washington Naval Arms Limitation Treaty
02 06 1952 Elizabeth II becomes queen of Great Britain
02 07 1889 Astronomical Society of Pacific holds first meeting in SF
02 07 1940 Walt Disney's "Pinocchio" released
02 08 1693 Charter granted for College of William & Mary, 2nd college in US
02 08 1883 Louis Waterman begins experiments that invent the fountain pen.
02 08 1908 Boy Scouts of America founded.
02 08 1922 Radio arrives in the White House.
02 08 1977 Earthquake, at 5.0, strongest since 1966.
02 09 1877 U.S. Weather Service is founded.
02 09 1885 First Japanese arrive in Hawaii.
02 09 1964 First appearance of the Beatles on Ed Sullivan
02 09 1969 The Boeing 747 makes its first commercial flight.
02 10 1720 Edmund Halley is appointed 2nd Astronomer Royal of England
02 10 1763 Treaty of Paris ends French & Indian War
02 10 1870 City of Anaheim incorporated (first time).
02 10 1879 First electric arc light used (in California Theater).
02 11 0660 Traditional founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno
02 11 1854 Major streets lit by coal gas for first time.
02 11 1929 Vatican City (world's Smallest Country) made an enclave of Rome
02 11 1970 Japan becomes 4th nation to put a satellite (Osumi) in orbit
02 12 1541 Santiago, Chile founded.
02 12 1924 Gershwin's "Rhapsody In Blue" premiers in Carnegie Hall
02 12 1934 Export-Import Bank incorporated.
02 12 1945 San Francisco selected for site of United Nations Conference.
02 12 1947 A daytime fireball & meteorite fall is seen in eastern Siberia
02 12 1961 USSR launches Venera 1 toward Venus
02 13 1741 First magazine published in America (The American Magazine)
02 13 1867 "Blue Danube" waltz premiers in Vienna
02 13 1937 "Prince Valiant" comic strip appears; known for historical detail and fine detail drawing. Thanks Hal.
02 14 1859 Oregon admitted as 33rd State
02 14 1876 Alexander Graham Bell files for a patent on the telephone.
02 14 1912 Arizona becomes 48th state
02 14 1961 Element 103, lawrencium, first produced in Berkeley California
02 14 1980 Solar Maximum Mission Observatory launched to study solar flares.
02 15 1861 Fort Point completed & garrisoned (but has never fired it's cannon in anger).
02 15 1898 USS Maine sinks in Havana harbor, cause unknown.
02 15 1917 San Francisco Public Library dedicated.
02 15 1950 Walt Disney's "Cinderella" released
02 15 1954 First bevatron in operation - Berkeley, California
02 16 1883 Ladies Home Journal begins publication.
02 16 1914 First airplane flight to Los Angeles from San Francisco.
02 16 1918 Lithuania proclaims its short-lived independence.
02 16 1923 Howard Carter finds the tomb of Pharoah Tutankhamun
02 16 1937 Nylon patented, WH Carothers
02 16 1946 First commercially designed helicopter tested, Bridgeport Ct
02 17 1870 Mississippi readmitted to U.S. after Civil War
02 17 1876 Sardines were first canned, in Eastport, Maine.
02 17 1878 First telephone exchange in San Francisco opens with 18 phones.
02 18 1850 Legislature creates the 9 San Francisco Bay Area counties.
02 18 1930 Pluto, the ninth planet, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.
02 18 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition opens on Treasure Island (which was built for the occasion) in San Francisco Bay.
02 19 1878 Thomas Alva Edison patents the phonograph.
02 19 1945 Marines land on Iwo Jima.
02 19 1977 President Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose").
02 20 1873 University of California gets its first Medical School (UC/SF).
02 20 1901 First territorial legislature of Hawaii convenes.
02 20 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition opens in San Francisco.
02 20 1931 Congress allows California to build the Oakland-Bay Bridge.
02 20 1962 John Glenn is first American to orbit the Earth.
02 21 1804 First self-propelled locomotive on rails demonstrated, in Wales.
02 21 1878 First Telephone book is issued, in New Haven, Conn.
02 22 1900 Hawaii becomes a US Territory.
02 23 1887 Congress grants Seal Rocks to San Francisco.
02 23 1900 Steamer "Rio de Janiero" sinks in San Francisco Bay.
02 23 1958 Last SF Municipal arc light, over intersection of Mission & 25th Street, removed (it had been installed in 1913).
02 24 1857 Los Angeles Vineyard Society organized.
02 24 1942 Voice of America begins broadcasting (in German).
02 25 1919 Oregon is first state to tax gasoline (1 cent per gallon).
02 26 1863 President Lincoln signs the National Currency Act.
02 26 1933 Golden Gate Bridge ground-breaking ceremony.
02 27 1844 Dominican Republic gains it's independence.
02 27 1991 President Bush declares a cease-fire, halting the Gulf War.
02 28 1849 First steamship enters San Francisco Bay.
02 28 1883 First vaudeville theater opens.
02 28 1914 Construction begins on the Tower of Jewels for the Exposition.
02 28 1956 Forrester issued a patent for computer core memory.
03 01 1781 The Articles of Confederation adopted by Continental Congress.
03 01 1859 Present seal of San Francisco adopted (2nd seal for city).
03 01 1864 Patent issued for taking & projecting motion pictures to Louis Ducos du Hauron (he never did build such a machine, though).
03 01 1867 Nebraska becomes a state.
03 01 1872 Yellowstone becomes world's first national park
03 01 1961 President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.
03 01 1966 Venera 3 becomes the first manmade object to impact another planet - Venus.
03 01 1970 End of commercial whale hunting by the US. Japan, stop it!
03 01 1982 Soviet Venera 13 makes a soft landing on Venus.
03 02 1836 Texas declares independence from Mexico.
03 02 1861 Congress creates the Territory of Nevada.
03 02 1917 Puerto Rico territory created, US citizenship granted.
03 02 1929 US Court of Customs & Patent Appeals created by US Congress.
03 02 1949 First automatic street light installed. (In New Milford, CT)
03 02 1958 First surface crossing of the Antarctic continent ends.
03 02 1972 Pioneer 10 launched for Jupiter flyby.
03 02 1974 First Class postage raised to 10 cents from 8 cents.
03 02 1978 Soyuz 28 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Czechoslovakian) to Salyut 6
03 03 1791 Congress passed a resolution ordering U.S. Mint be established.
03 03 1812 Congress passes first foreign aid bill.
03 03 1845 Florida becomes 27th state
03 03 1849 Gold Coinage Act passed, allowing gold coins to be minted.
03 03 1851 Congress authorizes smallest US silver coin, the 3-cent piece.
03 03 1861 Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom
03 03 1863 Abraham Lincoln approves charter for National Academy of Sciences
03 03 1875 A 20-cent coin was authorized by Congress (It lasted 3 years).
03 03 1878 Bulgaria liberated from Turkey
03 03 1885 American Telephone and Telegraph incorporated.
03 03 1923 Time magazine publishes its first issue.
03 03 1931 "Star Spangled Banner" officially becomes US national anthem.
03 03 1956 Morocco gains its independence.
03 03 1969 Apollo 9 launched
03 03 1972 Pioneer 10 launched thru asteroid belt & Jupiter
03 04 1675 John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England.
03 04 1789 Congress declares the Constitution to be in effect.
03 04 1791 Vermont admitted as 14th state.
03 04 1792 Oranges introduced to Hawaii.
03 04 1793 Shortest inauguration speech, 133 words, Washington (2nd time).
03 04 1801 Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in Washington, DC.
03 04 1826 First US railroad chartered, the Granite Railway in Quincy, Mass.
03 04 1841 Longest inauguration speech, 8443 words, William Henry Harrison.
03 04 1861 Confederate States adopt "Stars & Bars" flag
03 04 1902 American Automobile Association (AAA) founded.
03 04 1933 Roosevelt inaugurated, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
03 04 1934 Easter Cross on Mt. Davidson dedicated.
03 04 1955 First radio facsimile transmission is sent across the continent.
03 04 1959 Pioneer 4 makes first US lunar flyby.
03 04 1968 Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 5 launched
03 04 1977 First CRAY 1 supercomputer shipped to Los Alamos Labs, NM
03 04 1979 US Voyager I photo reveals Jupiter's rings
03 05 1616 Corpernicus' DE REVOLUTIONIBUS placed on Catholic forbidden index
03 05 1770 Boston Massacre
03 05 1845 Congress appropriates $30,000 to ship camels to western US.
03 05 1908 1st ascent of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica
03 05 1933 FDR proclaims 10-day bank holiday.
03 05 1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech
03 05 1979 Voyager I's closest approach to Jupiter
03 06 1665 "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" was first published, and is still published today.
03 06 1836 Alamo falls. Remember it!
03 06 1857 Dred Scott decision rendered.
03 06 1986 Soviet Vega 1 probe passes within 10,000 km of Halley's comet
03 07 1778 James Cook first sights Oregon coast, at Yaquina Bay
03 07 1848 In Hawaii, the Great Mahele (division of lands) is signed.
03 07 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.
03 07 1912 Roald Amundsen announces the discovery of the South Pole
03 07 1926 First transatlantic telephone call (London-New York)
03 07 1933 The game "Monopoly" is invented.
03 07 1936 Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles, sends troops to Rhineland
03 07 1962 US Orbiting Solar Observatory is launched.
03 07 1981 Walter Cronkite's final CBS anchor appearance. Still unequaled.
03 08 1862 The Confederate ironclad "Merrimack" launched.
03 08 1917 US invades Cuba, for third time. No wonder they're paranoid.
03 08 1934 Edwin Hubble photo shows as many galaxies as Milky Way has stars
03 08 1965 First US forces arrive in Vietnam. Oh unhappy day!
03 08 1976 Largest observed falling single stony meteorite (Jiling, China)
03 09 1497 Nicolaus Copernicus first recorded astronomical observation.
03 09 1796 Napoleon Bonaparte marries Josephine de Beauharnais
03 09 1822 Charles Graham of NY granted patent for artificial teeth
03 09 1862 The ironclads "Monitor" (Union) & "Merrimack" (Rebel) battle in Hampton Roads. It was a standoff.
03 09 1954 Edward R. Murrow criticizes Senator McCarthy (See it Now)
03 09 1961 Sputnik 9 carries Chernushka (dog) into orbit
03 09 1979 First extraterrestrial volcano found, (Jupiter's satellite Io).
03 10 1847 First money minted in Hawaii.
03 10 1849 Abraham Lincoln applies for a patent, only US president to do so.
03 10 1876 First telephone call, made by Alexander Graham Bell
03 10 1933 Big earthquake in Long Beach (W.C. Fields was making a movie when it struck & the cameras kept running).
03 10 1977 Rings of Uranus discovered during occultation of SAO
03 11 1810 Emperor Napoleon married by proxy to Archduchess Marie Louise
03 11 1861 Confederate convention in Montgomery, adopts constitution
03 11 1867 Great Mauna Loa eruption (volcano in Hawaii).
03 11 1892 First public game of basketball.
03 11 1938 Germany invades Austria.
03 11 1941 FDR signs Lend-Lease Bill with England.
03 11 1942 Gen MacArthur leaves Bataan for Australia.
03 11 1960 Pioneer 5 launched; orbits sun between Earth & Venus
03 11 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev replaces Konstantin Chernenko.
03 12 1850 First $20 Gold piece issued.
03 12 1868 Congress abolishes manufacturers tax
03 12 1912 Girl Guides (Girl Scouts) founded in Savanah Ga
03 12 1925 First transatlantic radio broadcast.
03 12 1936 FDR conducts his first "Fireside Chat"
03 12 1981 Soyuz T-4 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station
03 13 1639 Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard.
03 13 1677 Massachusets gains title to Maine for $6,000.
03 13 1852 Uncle Sam makes his debut in the New York "Lantern"
03 13 1877 Chester Greenwood patents ear muffler
03 13 1884 US adopts standard time
03 13 1925 Law passed in Tennessee prohibiting teaching evolution
03 13 1930 Clyde Tombaugh announces discovery of Pluto at Lowell Observatory
03 13 1970 Digital Equipment Corp introduces the PDP-11 minicomputer.
03 13 1986 Soyuz T-15 launched
03 14 1629 Royal charter grants Massachusets Bay Colony
03 14 1644 Royal patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island).
03 14 1794 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin
03 14 1870 Legislature approves act making Golden Gate Park possible.
03 14 1896 Sutro Baths opens by Cliff House (closed Sept 1, 1952).
03 14 1900 US currency goes on gold standard
03 14 1903 First national bird reserve established in Sebastian, Florida
03 14 1923 President Harding is the first president to file his income tax.
03 14 1948 Freedom Train arrives in San Francisco.
03 14 1965 Israeli cabinet approves diplomatic relations with W Germany
03 14 1983 OPEC cuts oil prices for first time in 23 years.
03 15 1944 Julius C‘sar assassinated in Roman Senate. Et tu, Brute?
03 15 1820 Maine admitted as 23rd state
03 15 1913 Woodrow Wilson holds the first Presidential Press Conference.
03 15 1916 Pershing and 15,000 troops chase Pancho Villa into Mexico.
03 15 1917 Nicholas II, last Russian tsar, abdicates
03 15 1937 First blood bank established, Chicago, Illinois
03 15 1956 My Fair Lady opens in New York.
03 15 1960 Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve established (first underwater park)
03 15 1968 US Mint stops buying and selling gold.
03 15 1968 US Mint stops buying and selling gold.
03 15 1999 Pluto again becomes the outermost planet.
03 16 1621 First Indian appears at Plymouth, Massachusets
03 16 1802 Law signed to establish US Military Academy at West Point, NY
03 16 1827 First US black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, New York
03 16 1916 US and Canada sign Migratory Bird Treaty
03 16 1926 Robert Goddard launches first liquid fuel rocket - 184 feet
03 16 1935 Hitler orders German rearmament, violating Versailles Treaty
03 16 1966 Gemini 8 launched with 2 astronauts
03 16 1975 US Mariner 10 makes 3rd, and final, fly-by of Mercury.
03 17 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt first uses the term "muckrake".
03 17 1910 Camp Fire Girls are organized.
03 17 1941 National Gallery of Art opens in Washington, DC
03 17 1950 Element 98 (Californium) is announced.
03 17 1958 Vanguard 1 measures shape of Earth
03 17 1959 Dalai Lama flees Tibet for India
03 17 1966 US sub locates missing hydrogen bomb in Mediterranean.
03 17 1969 Golda Meir becomes Israeli Prime Minister.
03 18 1541 de Soto is first European to record flooding of the Mississippi
03 18 1766 Britain repeals Stamp Act, partial cause of American Revolution.
03 18 1850 American Express founded.
03 18 1850 American Express founded
03 18 1881 Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth opens in Madison Square Garden in New York City.
03 18 1892 Lord Stanley proposes silver cup challenge for Hockey
03 18 1909 Einar Dessau of Denmark - first ham broadcaster.
03 18 1931 First electric razor marketed by Schick.
03 18 1938 Mexico takes control of foreign-owned oil properties.
03 18 1952 First plastic lens for cataract patients fitted, Philadelphia.
03 18 1959 Pres Eisenhower signs Hawaii statehood bill
03 18 1965 Russia launches 2nd Voshkod, first spacewalk - Aleksei Leonov.
03 19 1822 Boston, Mass incorporated
03 19 1859 Faust by Charles Gounod premiers in Paris
03 19 1917 US Supreme Court upheld 8 hour work day for the railroads.
03 19 1918 Congress authorizes time zones & approves daylight time
03 19 1920 US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time
03 19 1928 Amos & Andy debuts on radio
03 19 1928 'Amos and Andy' debut on radio.
03 19 1931 Nevada legalized gambling
03 19 1949 First museum devoted exclusively to atomic energy, Oak Ridge, TN
03 20 1760 Great Fire of Boston destroys 349 buildings
03 20 1833 US and Siam conclude their first commercial treaty
03 20 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's `Uncle Tom's Cabin,' published
03 20 1886 First commercial AC-power plant begins operation
03 20 1942 MacArthur vowes to Phillipinos, "I shall return"
03 21 1851 Yosemite Valley discovered in California, paradise found.
03 21 1965 US Ranger 9 launched takes 5,814 pictures before lunar impact
03 21 1965 Martin Luther King Jr begins march from Selma to Montgomery
03 22 1621 Massasoit & Pilgrims agree on league of friendship (Plymouth)
03 22 1733 Joseph Priestly (father of soda pop) invents carbonated water.
03 22 1765 Britain enacts the now infamous Stamp Act
03 22 1778 Captain Cook sights Cape Flattery, in Washington state
03 22 1882 Congress outlaws polygamy. Male longevity increases.
03 22 1941 Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state goes into operation
03 22 1945 Arab League is founded
03 22 1946 Jordan (formerly Transjordan) gains independence from Britain.
03 22 1957 Earthquake gives San Francisco the shakes.
03 22 1960 Schawlow and Townes obtain a patent for the laser.
03 22 1963 Beatles release their first album, Please Please Me
03 22 1968 President Johnson's daughter, Lynda, ordered off Cable Car because she was eating an ice cream cone (no food on cars!).
03 22 1977 Indira Gandhi resigns as PM of India
03 22 1978 Robert Frost Plaza, at California, Drumm & Market, dedicated.
03 22 1981 First Class Postage raised from 15 cents to 18 cents.
03 22 1981 Soyuz 39 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Mongolian) to Salyut 6.
03 22 1982 3rd Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 3 launched
03 23 1743 George Frederic Handel's oratorio "Messiah" premieres in London.
03 23 1752 Pope Stephen II elected to succeed Zacharias, dies 2 days later.
03 23 1775 Patrick Henry asks for Liberty or Death.
03 23 1806 Lewis the Clark reach the Pacific coast.
03 23 1840 First photo of moon is taken.
03 23 1919 Benito Mussolini founds the Fascist movement in Milan, Italy.
03 23 1929 First telephone installed in the White House.
03 23 1933 German Reichstag grantes Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers.
03 23 1944 Nicholas Alkemade falls 5,500 m without a parachute and lives.
03 23 1956 Pakistan becomes independent within British Commonwealth.
03 23 1962 President John F. Kennedy visits San Francisco.
03 23 1965 Gemini 3 blasts off, first US 2-man space flight.
03 23 1976 International Bill of Rights goes into effect, 35 nations ratify.
03 24 1765 Britain enacts Quartering Act
03 24 1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovers bacillus cause of TB
03 24 1882 German Robert Koch discovers bacillus, cause of Tuberculosis.
03 24 1934 FDR grants future independence to Philippines
03 24 1955 Tennessee Williams, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" opens on Broadway.
03 24 1965 US Ranger 9 strikes moon 10 miles NE of crater Alphonsus
03 24 1972 Great Britain imposes direct rule over Northern Ireland
03 24 1976 Argentine President Isabel Peron deposed by country's miltitary.
03 24 1986 Libya attacks US forces in Gulf of Sidra. US 2, Libya 0.
03 25 1634 Maryland founded as a Catholic colony
03 25 1655 Christiaan Huygens discovers Titan, (Saturn's largest satelite)
03 25 1821 Greece gains its independence.
03 25 1857 Frederick Laggenheim takes the 1st photograph of a solar eclipse
03 25 1951 Purcell and Ewen detect 21-cm radiation at Harvard physics lab
03 25 1954 RCA manufactures the first COLOR television.
03 25 1955 East Germany granted full sovereignty by occupying power, USSR
03 25 1960 First guided missile launched from nuclear powered sub (Halibut)
03 26 1845 Adhesive medicated plaster patented, precusor of bandaid.
03 26 1878 Hastings College of Law founded.
03 26 1885 Eastman Film Company makes first commercial motion picture film
03 26 1937 Spinach growers of Crystal City, Tx, erect statue of Popeye
03 26 1953 Dr Jonas Salk announces new vaccine against polio
03 26 1958 Army launched US's 3rd successful satellite Explorer III
03 26 1970 Golden Gate Park Conservatory made a City Landmark.
03 26 1971 East Pakistan proclaimed independence taking name Bangladesh
03 26 1979 Camp David peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
03 26 1982 Groundbreaking in Washington DC for Vietnam Veterans Memorial
03 27 1512 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon sights Florida.
03 27 1625 Charles I King of England Scotland & Ireland ascends to throne
03 27 1794 The US Navy is founded. Anchors Aweigh!
03 27 1802 Asteroid Pallas discovered by Heinrich Olbers
03 27 1807 Asteroid Vesta discovered by Olbers
03 27 1836 First Mormon temple dedicated in Kirtland, Ohio.
03 27 1855 Abraham Gesner receives a patent for kerosene
03 27 1860 ML Byrn patents the corkscrew. Bless you sir!
03 27 1933 US Farm Credit Administration authorized.
03 27 1964 Earthquake strikes Alaska, 8.4 on Richter scale.
03 27 1968 SF Japanese Trade and Cultural Center (Japan Center) dedicated.
03 27 1972 Soviet spacecraft Venera 8 launched to Venus
03 27 1980 Mount St. Helens becomes active after 123 years
03 28 1794 Nathan Briggs gets patent for the washing machine.
03 28 1930 Constantinople and Angora change names to Istanbul and Ankara.
03 28 1939 Spanish Civil War ends, facist Francisco Franco wins
03 29 1871 Albert Hall opens it's doors in London.
03 29 1886 Coca-Cola is created (with cocaine). It satisfies your craving.
03 29 1961 23rd Amendment ratified, Washington DC can vote for the president
03 29 1973 US troops leave Vietnam, 9 yrs after Tonkin Resolution
03 29 1974 Mariner 10's first fly-by of Mercury, returns photos
03 30 1842 Dr. Crawford Long, first uses ether as an anesthetic.
03 30 1853 Patent granted to Hyman Lipman for a pencil with an ERASER!
03 30 1867 US purchases Alaska for $7,200,000 (Seward's Folly)
03 30 1870 15th Amendment passed, guarantees right to vote to all races
03 30 1932 Amelia Earhart is 1st woman to fly across the Atlantic solo
03 30 1950 Invention of the Phototransistor is announced at Murray Hill, NJ
03 31 1854 Commodore Perry makes Japan opens its ports to foreign trade
03 31 1870 Thomas P Mundy became 1st black to vote in US (Perth Amboy NJ)
03 31 1880 Wabash Ind - first town completely illuminated by electric light
03 31 1889 Eiffel Tower completed.
03 31 1932 Ford publicly unveils its first V-8 engine
03 31 1933 Congress authorizes Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
03 31 1943 Rodgers & Hammerstein musical "Oklahoma!" opens on Broadway
03 31 1949 Newfoundland becomes 10th Canadian province
03 31 1963 Los Angeles ends streetcar service after nearly 90 years.
03 31 1966 USSR launches Luna 10, first spacecraft to orbit moon
04 01 1778 Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans Businessman, creates the "$".
04 01 1850 San Francisco County Government established.
04 01 1853 Cincinnati became first US city with salaried firefighters
04 01 1918 Royal Air Force established
04 01 1952 "Big Bang" theory published by Alpher, Bethe and Gamow
04 01 1960 TIROS I (Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite) launched to improve weather prediction.
04 01 1964 USSR launches Zond 1 towards Venus
04 01 1971 US/Canada ISIS II launched to study ionosphere
04 01 1979 Iran proclaimed an Islamic Republic following fall of the Shah
04 02 1513 Florida discovered, claimed for Spain by Ponce de Le¢n
04 02 1792 Congress establishes Coin denominations and authorizes US Mint
04 02 1935 Watson Watt granted a patent for RADAR.
04 02 1958 NACA renamed NASA
04 02 1972 Apollo 16's Young and Duke land on the moon and hot-rod with the Boeing Lunar Rover #2
04 03 1910 Highest mountain in North America, Alaska's Mt McKinley climbed
04 03 1948 Harry Truman signs Marshall Plan (Aid to Europe)
04 03 1966 USSR's Luna 10 becomes the first craft to orbit the Moon
04 03 1982 UN Security Council demands Argentina withdraw from Falklands.
04 04 1818 Congress decided US flag is 13 red and white stripes and 20 stars
04 04 1860 Pony Express begins service, from St. Joseph, Missouri.
04 04 1870 Golden Gate Park established by City Order #800.
04 04 1902 Cecil Rhodes scholarship fund established with $10 million
04 04 1949 NATO established
04 04 1983 Maiden voyage of STS Space shuttle Challenger
04 05 1614 Indian princess Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe
04 05 1973 Pioneer 11 blasts off toward Jupiter
04 05 1991 Atlantis lifts off carrying the 17.5 ton Gamma Ray Observatory.
04 06 0648 BC Earliest total solar eclipse chronicled by Greeks is observed
04 06 1663 Kings Charles II signs Carolina Charter
04 06 1862 Battle of Shiloh.
04 06 1868 Brigham Young marries number 27, his final wife.
04 06 1896 First modern Olympics
04 06 1906 First animated cartoon copyrighted
04 06 1909 North Pole reached by Americans Robert Peary and Matthew Henson
04 06 1909 First credit union established in US
04 06 1917 US declares war on Germany (WWI)
04 06 1926 4 planes take off on first successful around-the-world flight.
04 06 1957 New York City ends trolley car service.
04 06 1965 Intelsat 1 ("Early Bird") first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite
04 06 1973 Pioneer 11 launched to Jupiter and Saturn
04 07 1931 Seals Stadium opens.
04 07 1933 Prohibition ends. "Gimme a beer, Mac."
04 07 1948 World Health Organization is established.
04 07 1953 First jet transatlantic non-stop flight (west to east)
04 07 1959 NASA selects first seven astronauts
04 07 1959 Radar first bounced off sun, from Stanford California.
04 08 1513 Ponce de Leon arrives in Florida.
04 08 1913 17th Amendment, requiring direct election of senators, ratified
04 08 1974 Hank Aaron hits 715th home run, beats Babe Ruth's record.
04 08 1986 Clint Eastwood elected mayor of Carmel, California.
04 09 1831 Robert Jenkins loses an ear: war between Britain and Spain.
04 09 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox, ending Civil War.
04 09 1953 TV Guide publishes their first issue.
04 09 1955 United Nations Charter hearing.
04 10 1790 US Patent system established
04 10 1825 First hotel in Hawaii opens.
04 10 1849 Safety pin is patented by Walter Hunt.
04 10 1866 ASPCA (Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) organized.
04 10 1878 California Street Cable Car Railroad Company starts service.
04 10 1882 Matson founds his shipping company (San Francisco and Hawaii)
04 10 1912 RMS Titanic sets sail for its first and last voyage
04 10 1930 Synthetic rubber first produced
04 10 1953 House of Wax, first 3-D movie, released in New York.
04 10 1960 Senate passes landmark Civil Rights Bill
04 11 1876 Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks organized.
04 11 1943 Frank Piasecki, flies his first single-rotor helicopter
04 11 1947 Jackie Robinson becomes first black in major league baseball.
04 11 1970 Apollo 13 launched to moon; unable to land, returns in 6 days
04 12 1204 4th Crusade sacks Constantinople
04 12 1861 Fort Sumter, S. C., shelled by Confederacy, starts Civil War.
04 12 1877 British annex Transvaal, in South Africa
04 12 1898 Army transfers Yerba Buena Island to Navy.
04 12 1933 Moffatt Field (Naval Air Station) is commissioned.
04 12 1938 First US law requiring medical tests for marriage licenses, NY
04 12 1955 Salk polio vaccine safe and effective; four billion dimes marched
04 12 1961 Cosmonaut Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin becomes first man in orbit.
04 12 1981 Maiden voyage Space Transit System-space shuttle Columbia.
04 13 1796 First elephant brought to America
04 13 1829 English Parliament grants freedom of religion to Catholics
04 13 1976 $2 bill re-introduced as United States currency, failed again.
04 14 1611 Word "telescope" is first used by Prince Federico Cesi
04 14 1817 First American school for deaf (Hartford, Conn)
04 14 1828 First edition of Noah Webster's dictionary is published.
04 14 1860 First Pony Express rider arrives in SF from St. Joseph, Missouri.
04 14 1865 Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theater.
04 14 1894 First public showing of Edison's kinetoscope (moving pictures).
04 14 1956 Ampex Co. demonstrates first commercial videotape recorder.
04 14 1971 Fort Point dedicated as first National Park in SF Bay Area.
04 14 1981 First Space Shuttle - Columbia 1 returns to Earth.
04 15 1598 Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots
04 15 1790 First US patent law passed
04 15 1850 City of San Francisco incorporated.
04 15 1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 AM.
04 15 1923 Insulin becomes generally available for diabetics.
04 15 1923 First talking picture is screened before a paying audience.
04 15 1955 Ray Kroc starts the McDonald's fast food restaurants.
04 15 1983 Tokyo Disneyland opens
04 16 1705 Queen Anne of England knights Isaac Newton at Trinity College,
04 16 1866 Nitroglycerine at the Wells Fargo and Co. office explodes.
04 16 1912 Harriet Quimby flies English Channel, first woman to do so
04 16 1917 Lenin returns to Russia to start Bolshevik Revolution
04 16 1972 Apollo 16 launched; 5th lunar landing at Decartes Highlands
04 17 1492 Christopher Columbus contracts with Spain to find the Indies.
04 17 1524 New York Harbor discovered by Giovanni Verrazano.
04 17 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, ends first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895).
04 17 1941 Office of Price Administration established (handled rationing)
04 17 1946 France grants Syria independence (Natl Day)
04 17 1961 Bay of Pigs, how not to run an invasion.
04 18 1775 'The British are Coming!' Paul Revere rides.
04 18 1868 San Francisco Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals born.
04 18 1869 First International Cricket Match, held in SF, won by Californian
04 18 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, "The Big One"
04 18 1907 Fairmont Hotel opens.
04 18 1934 First "Washateria" (laundromat) is opened, in Fort Worth, Texas
04 18 1936 The Pan Am "Clipper" begins regular passenger flights from San Francisco to Honolulu.
04 18 1946 League of Nations went out of business, replaced by UN
04 18 1949 Irish Republic comes into existence
04 18 1950 First transatlantic jet passenger trip
04 18 1978 U S Senate approves transfer of Panama Canal to Panama
04 19 1775 At Lexington Common, the shot 'heard round the world'.
04 19 1852 California Historical Society founded.
04 19 1892 Charles Duryea takes the first American-made auto out for a spin.
04 19 1934 Shirley Temple appears in her first movie, "Stand Up and Cheer"
04 19 1939 Connecticut approves the Bill of Rights (only 148 years late).
04 19 1967 US Surveyor III lands on moon
04 20 1775 British begin siege of Boston
04 20 1902 Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radioactive element radium
04 20 1940 First electron microscope demonstrated, Philadelphia, Pa
04 20 1973 Canadian ANIK A2 became first commercial satellite in orbit
04 20 1978 Korean Air Lines 707 forced to land; violated Soviet airspace
04 21 0753 BC - Rome founded.
04 21 1828 Noah Webster publishes first American dictionary
04 21 1857 A. Douglas patents the bustle (it's all behind us now).
04 21 1862 Congress establishes US Mint in Denver, Colorado.
04 21 1892 First buffalo born in Golden Gate Park.
04 21 1898 Spanish American war begins (Remember the Maine).
04 21 1967 Svetlana Alliluyeva (Stalin's daughter) defected in NYC
04 21 1972 Orbiting Astronomical Observer 4 (Copernicus) is launched
04 21 1977 Broadway play "Annie" opens, first of 2377 performances
04 21 1983 Soyuz T-8 is launched
04 21 1984 Franz Weber of Austria skis downhill at a record 209.8 kph
04 22 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil
04 22 1509 Henry VIII ascends to throne of England
04 22 1529 Spain & Portugal divide eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragossa
04 22 1864 US Congress authorized "In God We Trust" on coinage
04 22 1889 Oklahoma land rush officially started; some were Sooner
04 23 1871 Blossom Rock in San Francisco Bay blown up.
04 23 1949 Courtesy Mail Boxes for motorists started in San Francisco.
04 23 1962 First US satellite to reach moon launched from Cape Canaveral
04 23 1965 Launch of first Soviet communications satelite
04 23 1967 Soyuz 1 launched, Vladimir Komarov becomes 1st inflight casualty
04 23 1972 Apollo 16 astronauts explores Moon surface
04 24 1800 Library of Congress founded with a $5000 allocation.
04 24 1865 SF Fire Alarm and Police Telegraph system put into operation.
04 24 1934 Wind gusts reach 372 kph at Mt Washington, NH
04 24 1953 Winston Churchill knighted by Queen Elizabeth II
04 24 1962 MIT sends TV signal by satellite for first time: CA to MA
04 24 1970 China launchs first satellite, transmitting song "East is Red".
04 24 1981 The IBM Personal Computer (PC) is introduced.
04 24 1990 Hubble Space Telescope put into orbit by shuttle Discovery.
04 25 1901 New York becomes first state requiring license plates for cars
04 25 1945 United Nations Conference starts.
04 25 1957 First experimental sodium nuclear reactor is operated.
04 25 1959 St Lawrence Seaway opens to shipping
04 25 1961 Mercury/Atlas rocket lifted off with an electronic mannequin.
04 25 1961 Robert Noyce granted a patent for the integrated circuit.
04 25 1972 Glider pilot Hans Grosse flies a record 1461 km
04 25 1975 First Boeing Jetfoil service, Hong Kong to Macao.
04 26 1607 First British to establish an American colony land at Cape Henry.
04 26 1777 16 year old Sybil Ludington rode from NY to CT rallying her father's militia to fight British in Danbury.
04 26 1920 Shapley and Curtis hold the "Great Debate" on nature of nebulae.
04 26 1954 Nationwide test of the Salk anti-polio begins.
04 26 1962 US/UK launched Ariel; first Intl payload.
04 26 1971 San Francisco Lightship replaced by automatic buoy.
04 26 1986 Chernobyl - world's worst nuclear power plant disaster.
04 27 1565 First Spanish settlement in Phillipines, Cebu City.
04 27 1897 Grant's Tomb (famed of song and legend) is dedicated.
04 27 1937 US Social Security system makes its first benefit payment.
04 27 1945 Founding of the Second Republic, in Austria.
04 27 1946 First radar installation aboard a commercial ship installed.
04 27 1960 First atomic-electric drive submarine launched (Tullibee).
04 27 1986 Captain Midnight (John R MacDougall) interrupts HBO.
04 27 4977 BC - Johannes Kepler's date for creation of universe.
04 28 0585 War between Lydia and Media is ended by a solar eclipse.
04 28 1686 First volume of Isaac Newton's PRINCIPIA is published.
04 28 1754 Mutiny on the HMS Bounty occurs.
04 28 1914 W. H. Carrier patents air conditioner.
04 28 1919 First successful parachute jump is made.
04 28 1942 "WW II" titled so, as result of Gallup Poll.
04 28 1947 Thor Heyerdahl and Kon-Tiki sail from Peru to Polynesia.
04 28 1952 WW II Pacific peace treaty takes effect.
04 28 1974 Last Americans evacuated from Saigon.
04 28 1977 Christopher Boyce convicted for selling satellite secrets.
04 29 1429 Joan of Arc leads Orleans, France, to victory over English.
04 29 1913 Gideon Sundback of Hoboken NJ patents the zipper.
04 29 1971 Salyut 1, world's First space station, launched into earth orbit.
04 30 1789 George Washington inaugurated as first president of the US
04 30 1798 Department of the Navy established.
04 30 1803 US more than doubles its size thru the Louisiana Purchase.
04 30 1900 Hawaii becomes a US Territory
04 30 1939 NBC/RCA make first US demo of TV at opening of NY World's Fair.
04 30 1942 First submarine built on the Great Lakes launched, the "Peto", from Manitowoc, Wisconsin.
04 30 1947 Boulder Dam renamed in honor of Herbert Hoover
04 30 1948 Organization of American States (OAS) charter signed in Bogot .
04 30 1973 Nixon announces resigtration of Haldeman, Ehrlichman, et al
04 30 1975 US forces evacuated Vietnam; Saigon surrenders
04 30 1980 Terrorists seize Iranian Embassy in London
05 01 1840 1st adhesive postage stamps (English "Penny Blacks") issued.
05 01 1850 John Geary becomes 1st mayor of City of San Francisco.
05 01 1860 1st school for the deaf founded.
05 01 1869 Folies-Bergere opens in Paris.
05 01 1884 Construction begins in Chicago on the 1st skyscraper.
05 01 1892 US Quarantine Station opens on Angel Island.
05 01 1928 Lei Day begun (a Hawaiian celebration)
05 02 1925 Kezar Stadium in Golden Gate Park opens.
05 02 1939 Lou Gehrig sets record for most consecutive games (2130)
05 03 1830 1st regular steam train passenger service starts.
05 03 1919 America's 1st passenger flight (New York-Atlantic City)
05 03 1971 national noncommercial network radio begins programming.
05 04 1626 Indians sell Manhattan Island for $24 in cloth and buttons.
05 04 1851 1st of the major San Francisco fires.
05 04 1878 Phonograph shown for 1st time at the Grand Opera House.
05 05 1908 The Great White Fleet arrives in San Francisco.
05 05 1949 Council of Europe established.
05 05 1961 Alan Shepard becomes 1st American in space (onboard Freedom 7).
05 06 1851 Patent granted to Dr. John Farrie for a "refrigeration machine"
05 06 1860 The Olympic Club, 1st athletic club in US, founded in SF.
05 07 1824 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony presented for first time.
05 07 1927 San Francisco Municipal Airport (Mills Field) dedicated.
05 07 1945 World War II ends in Europe.
05 07 1963 Telstar 2 launched (apogee 6,700 miles).
05 08 1541 Hernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi River.
05 08 1945 Germany surrenders, ending World War II in Europe.
05 10 1775 Continental Congress issues paper currency for 1st time.
05 10 1869 The Driving of the Golden Spike, Promontory Point, Utah: The Transcontinential railroad is completed.
05 10 1930 The first US planetarium opens, in Chicago.
05 11 1752 1st US fire insurance policy is issued, in Philadelphia.
05 11 1929 1st regularly scheduled TV broadcasts (3 nights per week).
05 11 1951 Jay Forrester patents computer core memory.
05 13 1607 English land to found Jamestown (1st permanent settlement)
05 13 1846 US declares war on Mexico.
05 13 1884 Institute for Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) founded
05 14 1811 Paraguay gains its independence.
05 14 1853 Gail Borden applies for patent for making condensed milk.
05 14 1948 State of Israel proclaimed.
05 14 1973 United States launches space station "Skylab".
05 15 1940 1st nylon stockings are sold in America.
05 15 1963 Last of the Mercury flights, the "Faith 7", launched.
05 16 1866 Congress authorizes nickel 5-cent piece (the silver half-dime was used up to this point).
05 16 1929 1st Oscars announced (best film was 'Wings').
05 16 1971 First Class Mail now costs 8 cents (was 6 cents).
05 17 1792 24 brokers meet to found the New York Stock Exchange
05 17 1804 Lewis & Clark begin their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase
05 17 1954 Supreme Court rules on Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, overthrowing the principle of 'separate but equal'.
05 18 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority Act signed by President Roosevelt.
05 18 1980 Mount St. Helens blew its top in Washington State.
05 19 1862 The Homestead Act becomes law.
05 20 1927 At 7:40am, Lindbergh takes off from New York to cross Atlantic
05 21 1881 The American Red Cross is founded.
05 21 1927 Lindburgh lands in Paris, after 1st solo across Atlantic.
05 23 1898 1st Phillipine Expeditionary Troops sail from San Francisco.
05 23 1908 Dirigible explodes over SF Bay, 16 passengers fall, none die.
05 24 1844 Samual F.B. Morse taps out "What Hath God Wrought"
05 24 1866 Berkeley named (for George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne).
05 24 1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opened by Pres. Arthur & Gov. Cleveland.
05 24 1899 In Boston, the 1st auto repair shop opens.
05 25 1787 Constitutional Convention convenes in Philadelphia.
05 25 1927 Henry Ford stops producing the Model T car (begins Model A).
05 25 1940 Golden Gate International Exposition reopens.
05 25 1978 "Star Wars" is released.
05 25 1983 "Return of the Jedi" (Star Wars 3) is released.
05 26 1868 President Johnson avoids impeachment by 1 vote.
05 26 1937 Golden Gate Bridge opens.
05 26 1946 Patent filed in US for the H-Bomb.
05 27 1907 Bubonic Plague breaks out in San Francisco
05 27 1937 Golden Gate Bridge dedicated.
05 28 1926 United States Customs Court created by Congress.
05 29 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks (some believe this signalled the end of the Middle Ages).
05 29 1953 Hillary & Norkay reach top of Mount Everest.
05 29 1978 First Class postage now 15 cents (was 13 cents for 3 years).
05 30 1911 Indianapolis 500 car race run for 1st time.
05 31 1433 Joan of Arc has a hot time at the stake...
05 31 1678 Lady Godiva takes a ride through Coventry
05 31 1868 1st recorded bicycle race, 2 kilometers in Paris.
05 31 1879 1st electric railway opens at Berlin Trades Exposition.
05 31 1889 Johnstown Flood
06 01 1638 First earthquake recorded in U.S., at Plymouth, Mass
06 01 1792 Kentucky becomes 15th state
06 01 1796 Tennessee becomes 16th state
06 01 1813 Capt John Lawrence utters Navy motto: 'Don't give up the ship'.
06 01 1845 Homing pigeon ends an 11,000 km trip (Namibia-London) in 55 days.
06 01 1925 Lou Gehrig starts in first of 2130 consecutive games, a record.
06 01 1933 Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago
06 01 1965 Penzias and Wilson detect 3 degree Kelvin primordial background.
06 01 1967 Beatles release "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".
06 02 0455 Gaiseric sacks Rome, what a Vandal.
06 02 1858 Donati Comet first seen, named after it's discoverer
06 02 1873 Construction of world's first cable car system, begins in SF.
06 02 1910 Pygmies discovered in Dutch New Guinea
06 02 1936 Gen. Anastasio Somoza takes over as dictator of Nicaragua
06 02 1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey
06 02 1966 Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarum first moon soft-landing.
06 02 1977 New Jersey legalizes casino gambling in Atlantic City.
06 02 1979 John Paul II first pope to visit a communist country - Poland.
06 03 1539 Hernando De Soto claims Florida for Spain
06 03 1621 Dutch West India Company receives charter for "New Netherlands"
06 03 1770 Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo founded in California
06 03 1789 Alex Mackenzie began exploration of Mackenzie River
06 03 1888 "Casey at the Bat" is first published (by the SF Examiner)
06 03 1934 Dr Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin knighted.
06 03 1935 French "Normandie" sets Atlantic crossing record: 1077 hours.
06 03 1937 Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Warfield Simpson.
06 03 1942 Battle of Midway begins: first major battle won by airpower.
06 03 1948 200 inch Hale telescope dedicated at Palomar Observatory.
06 03 1949 "Dragnet" is first broadcast on radio (KFI in Los Angeles).
06 03 1965 Gemini IV is launched Ed White first American to walk in space
06 03 1976 US presented with oldest known copy of Magna Carta
06 03 1980 Crew of Soyuz 36 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 35
06 04 0780 BC first total solar eclipse reliably recorded by Chinese
06 04 1784 Mme. Thible becomes first woman to fly (in a balloon)
06 04 1896 Henry drives his first Ford through streets of Detroit.
06 04 1940 British complete miracle of Dunkirk by evacuating 300,000 troops
06 04 1944 First submarine captured and boarded on high seas - German U 505
06 04 1947 Taft-Hartley Act approved despite a Truman veto.
06 04 1956 Speech by Khrushchev blasting Stalin is made public.
06 04 1986 Jonathan Pollard, spy for Israel, pleads guilty.
06 05 1783 Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier make first public balloon flight.
06 05 1833 Ada Lovelace (future computer programmer) meets Charles Babbage
06 05 1849 Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
06 05 1875 Formal opening of the Pacific Stock Exchange.
06 05 1947 Sec of State George C. Marshall outlines `The Marshall Plan'.
06 05 1972 U.N. Conference on the Human Environment opens in Stockholm
06 05 1975 Suez Canal reopens (after 6 Day War caused it to close)
06 05 1980 Soyuz T-2 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station
06 06 1809 Swedish Constitution and Flag Day (National Day)
06 06 1844 YMCA founded in London
06 06 1932 US Federal gas tax enacted
06 06 1933 First drive-in theatre opens, in Camden, New Jersey.
06 06 1934 Securities and Exchange Commission established
06 06 1944 D-Day, the Allied Invasion of "Festung Europa"
06 06 1946 Henry Morgan is first to take off his shirt on TV.
06 06 1967 Six Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors begins.
06 06 1971 Soyuz 11 takes 3 cosmonauts to Salyut 1 space station
06 06 1975 British voters decide to remain on Common Market
06 06 1977 Supreme Court tosses out automatic death penalty laws
06 06 1978 Proposition 13 cuts California property taxes 57% Yipee!
06 06 1982 Israel invades Lebanon to drive out PLO
06 06 2012 Transit of Venus (between Earth and Sun) occurs.
06 07 1769 Daniel Boone begins exploring the Bluegrass State of Kentucky.
06 07 1776 Richard Lee of Virginia calls for Declaration of Independence.
06 07 1839 The Hawaiian Declaration of Rights is signed.
06 07 1839 Hawaiian Declaration of Rights is signed
06 07 1905 Norway declares independence from Sweden
06 07 1929 Vatican City becomes a soverign state
06 07 1938 First Boeing 314 Clipper "Flying Boat" flown by Eddie Allen
06 07 1948 Communists take over Czechoslovakia
06 07 1953 First color network telecast from Boston, Massachusets.
06 07 1965 Gemini 4 completes 62 orbits
06 07 1971 Soviet Soyuz 11 crew completes first transfer to orbiting Salyut
06 07 1972 German Chancellor Willy Brandt visits Israel
06 07 1977 Anita Bryant leads successful crusade against Miami gay law
06 07 1981 Israel bombs Iraqi plutonium production facility at Osirak.
06 08 1786 First commercially made ice cream sold in New York.
06 08 1869 Ives McGaffey patents his vacuum cleaner.
06 08 1918 Nova Aquila, brightest nova since Kepler's in 1604, is discovered
06 08 1940 Discovery of element 93 "Neptunium" is announced.
06 08 1953 Supreme Court forbids segregated lunch counters in Washington DC.
06 08 1975 Soviets launch Venera 9 to Venus
06 08 1979 The Source, first public computer info. service, goes online.
06 08 2004 Transit of Venus (between Earth and Sun) occurs.
06 09 1732 Royal Charter for Georgia, granted to James Oglethorpe.
06 09 1860 First dime novel published.
06 09 1898 China leases Hong Kong's New Territories to Britain for 99 years.
06 09 1931 Goddard patents rocket-fueled aircraft design.
06 09 1959 First ballistic missile launched from sub "George Washington"
06 10 1639 First American log cabin at Ft Christina (Wilmington, Del).
06 10 1752 Ben Franklin flies a kite in a thunderstorm, shocking!
06 10 1772 British revenue cutter "Gaspee" is burned by Rhode Islanders.
06 10 1801 State of Tripoli declares war on the US
06 10 1854 Georg F.B. Reiman proposes that space is curved
06 10 1869 The 'Agnes' arrives in New Orleans with the first ever shipment of frozen beef.
06 10 1898 US Marines land at Cuba in Spanish-American War.
06 10 1921 Babe Ruth becomes all time homerune champ with 120 of them.
06 10 1932 First demonstration of artificial lightning Pittsfield Mass.
06 10 1935 Alcoholics Anonymous formed in Akron by Dr Robert Smith
06 10 1940 Italy declares war on France and Britain
06 10 1954 PBS reaches San Francisco: KQED (Channel 9) starts broadcasting.
06 10 1977 Apple Computer ships its first Apple II.
06 11 1770 Capt Cook runs aground on Australian Great Barrier Reef
06 11 1859 Comstock silver load discovered near Virginia City, Nevada.
06 11 1895 First auto race.
06 11 1942 US and USSR sign Lend-Lease agreement during WW II.
06 11 1947 WW II sugar rationing finally ends.
06 11 1955 First magnesium jet airplane is flown.
06 11 1970 US leaves Wheelus Air Force Base in Libya.
06 11 1982 Movie "E T, The Extra-Terrestrial" is released.
06 12 1665 English rename New Amsterdam to New York after the Dutch leave.
06 12 1776 Virginia is first to adopt the Bill of Rights.
06 12 1812 Napoleon invades Russia. Classic "what not to" lesson.
06 12 1838 Hopkins Observatory, dedicated in Williamstown, Mass
06 12 1839 The first baseball game is played in America. Thanks Abner!
06 12 1898 Phillipines gains its independence from Spain.
06 12 1934 Black-McKeller Bill splits United Airlines from Boeing.
06 12 1957 Paul Anderson of US back-lifts a record 2850 kg.
06 12 1967 USSR launches Venera 4 for parachute landing on Venus
06 12 1967 Israel wins the Six Day War.
06 12 1979 Bryan Allen flies the "Gossamer Albatross", the first man-powered aircraft, over the English Channel.
06 13 1373 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance (world's oldest) is signed
06 13 1611 John Fabricius dedicates the earliest sunspot publication.
06 13 1898 Yukon Territory of Canada organized, Dawson chosen as capital.
06 13 1900 China's Boxer Rebellion begins, against foreigners and Christians
06 13 1963 Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6, becomes the first woman in space. You've come a long way, baby.
06 13 1967 Thurgood Marshall nominated as first black Supreme Court justice.
06 13 1983 Pioneer 10 is first man-made object to leave the Solar System.
06 14 1775 The US Army is founded.
06 14 1777 Stars and Stripes adopted as US flag, replacing Grand Union flag.
06 14 1846 California (Bear Flag) Republic proclaimed in Sonoma.
06 14 1847 Bunson invents a gas burner.
06 14 1870 All-pro Cincinnati Red Stockings suffer first loss in 130 games.
06 14 1900 Hawaiian Territorial Government begins.
06 14 1919 First direct airplane crossing of the Atlantic.
06 14 1938 Chlorophyll patented by Benjamin Grushkin. How'd he do that?
06 14 1942 Walt Disney's "Bambi" is released.
06 14 1948 TV Guide is first published.
06 14 1951 UNIVAC 1, first commercial computer, is unveiled.
06 14 1952 Keel laid for first nuclear powered submarine, the Nautilus.
06 14 1967 Launch of Mariner V for Venus flyby
06 14 1975 USSR launches Venera 10 for Venus landing
06 14 1982 Britain wins the 74 day war for the Falkland Islands.
06 15 1215 King John reluctantly signs the Magna Carta at Runnymede.
06 15 1520 The pope threatens to toss Luther out of the Catholic Church.
06 15 1664 The state of New Jersey is founded.
06 15 1752 Ben Franklin's kite is struck by lightning, shocking!
06 15 1775 Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the American Army.
06 15 1836 Arkansas becomes 25th state
06 15 1844 Goodyear patents the process for vulcanization of rubber.
06 15 1846 Oregon Treaty signed, setting US-British boundary at 49ø North.
06 15 1878 First attempt at motion pictures(using 12 cameras, each taking one picture (to see if all 4 horse's hooves leave the ground
06 15 1919 First flight across Atlantic (Alcock and Brown).
06 15 1940 France surrenders to Hitler.
06 15 1951 First commercial electronic computer dedicated in Philadelphia.
06 15 1975 Soyuz 19 launched
06 15 1977 Spain's first free elections since 1936.
06 15 1978 Soyuz 29 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 6; they stay 139 days.
06 15 1982 Riots in Argentina after Falklands/Malvinas defeat.
06 16 1567 Mary Queen of Scots thrown into Lochleven Castle prison
06 16 1775 The Battle of Bunker Hill (actually it was Breed's Hill).
06 16 1858 "A house divided against itself cannot stand" - Abraham Lincoln.
06 16 1903 Ford Motor Company, a vehicle manufacturer, is founded.
06 16 1933 US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is created.
06 16 1963 Valentina Tereshkova becomes first woman in space.
06 16 1977 Leonid Brezhnev named president of USSR
06 16 1984 Edwin Moses wins his 100th consecutive 400-meter hurdles race
06 17 1856 Republican Party opened its first convention in Philadelphia.
06 17 1885 Statue of Liberty arrives in NYC aboard French ship "Isere".
06 17 1944 Republic of Iceland proclaimed at Thingvallir, Iceland.
06 17 1947 First around-the-world civil air service leaves New York.
06 17 1963 Supreme Court strikes down Lord's Prayer recitation
06 17 1971 US returns control of Okinawa to Japanese
06 17 1972 Democratic HQ at Watergate burglarized by Republicans.
06 17 1982 Ronald Reagan delivers "evil empire" speech.
06 18 1178 Proposed time of origin of lunar crater Giordano Bruno.
06 18 1812 War of 1812 begins as US declares war against Britain.
06 18 1815 Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon defeated by Wellington and Blcher.
06 18 1873 Susan B Anthony fined $100 for attempting to vote for President.
06 18 1892 Macademia nuts first planted in Hawaii.
06 18 1928 Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across the Atlantic.
06 18 1953 Egypt is proclaimed a republic.
06 18 1959 First television broadcast transmitted from England to US.
06 18 1977 Space Shuttle test model "Enterprise" carries a crew aloft for first time, It was fixed to a modified Boeing 747
06 18 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman on the US Supreme Court.
06 18 1983 Sally Ride becomes first US woman in space, aboard Challenger.
06 19 0240 BC - Eratosthenes estimates the circumference of the earth.
06 19 1756 146 English people imprisoned in Black Hole of Calcutta.
06 19 1778 Washington's troops finally leave Valley Forge.
06 19 1846 First baseball game: NY Nines 23, Knickerbockers 1 (Hoboken, NJ).
06 19 1862 Slavery outlawed in US territories.
06 19 1910 Father's Day celebrated for first time in Spokane, Washington.
06 19 1931 First commercial photoelectric cell installed in West Haven Ct.
06 19 1932 First concert given in San Francisco's Stern Grove.
06 19 1934 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created
06 19 1947 First plane to exceed 600 mph - Albert Boyd at Muroc, CA.
06 19 1976 Viking 1 enters Martian orbit after 10 month flight from earth.
06 19 1981 European Space Agency's Ariane carries two satellites into orbit.
06 20 1782 Congress approves Great Seal of US and the Eagle as it's symbol.
06 20 1791 King Louis XVI caught trying to escape French Revolution
06 20 1837 Queen Victoria at 18 ascends British throne following death of uncle King William IV. She ruled for 63 years, until 1901.
06 20 1863 West Virginia became 35th state
06 20 1948 Ed Sullivan has his first really big 'shoe' on Sunday night TV.
06 20 1963 US and USSR agree to set up a "Hot Line".
06 20 1968 Jim Hines becomes first person to run 100 meters in under 10 secs
06 20 1977 Oil enters Trans-Alaska pipeline exits 38 days later at Valdez.
06 20 1982 National Bald Eagle Day was declared.
06 21 1633 Galileo Galilei is forced by the Inquisition to "abjure, curse, and detest" his Copernican heliocentric views. Still in effect!
06 21 1788 US Constitution effective as NH is ninth state to ratify it.
06 21 1834 Cyrus Hall McCormick patents reaping machine.
06 21 1879 F. W. Woolworth opens his first store (failed almost immediately, so he found a new location and you know the rest...)
06 21 1948 First stored computer program run, on the Manchester Mark I.
06 21 1963 Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeeds John XXIII
06 22 1611 Henry Hudson set adrift in Hudson Bay during mutiny.
06 22 1675 Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II.
06 22 1772 Slavery is outlawed in England.
06 22 1775 First Continental currency authorized
06 22 1807 British board USS Chesapeake, leading to the War of 1812.
06 22 1808 Zebulon Pike reaches his peak, it was all downhill after that.
06 22 1847 The doughnut is invented.
06 22 1910 First passenger carrying airship, the Zeppelin "Deutscheland".
06 22 1911 King George V of England crowned
06 22 1944 FDR signs "GI Bill of Rights" (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)
06 22 1978 The planet Pluto's partner, Charon, is discovered.
06 22 1983 First time a satellite is retrieved from orbit, by Space Shuttle.
06 23 1683 William Penn signs friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape indians in Pennsylvania; the only treaty "not sworn to, nor broken".
06 23 1757 Robert Clive defeats Indians at Plassey, wins control of Bengal
06 23 1868 Christopher Latham Sholes patents the typewriter.
06 23 1955 Walt Disney's "Lady And The Tramp" is released
06 23 1976 CN Tower in Toronto, tallest free-standing structure (555m) opens
06 23 1986 Tip O'Neill refuses to let Reagan address House
06 24 1314 Battle of Bannockburn; Scotland regains independence from England
06 24 1441 Eton College founded by Henry VI
06 24 1497 John Cabot claims eastern Canada for England
06 24 1509 Henry VIII becomes King of England
06 24 1817 First coffee planted in Hawaii, on the Kona coast.
06 24 1930 First radar detection of aircraft, at Anacostia, DC.
06 24 1949 Cargo airlines first licensed by US Civil Aeronautics Board.
06 24 1949 Hopalong Cassidy becomes first network western.
06 24 1963 First demonstration of home video recorder, BBC Studios, London.
06 24 1982 Soyuz T-6 lifts 3 cosmonauts (1 French) to Salyut 7 space station
06 24 1982 Equal Rights Amendment goes down in defeat.
06 24 1986 US Senate approves "tax reform" - taxes went up.
06 25 1178 Five Canterbury monks report something exploding on the Moon (the only known observation of probable meteor strike).
06 25 1630 The Fork is introduced to American dining by Governor Winthrop.
06 25 1835 Pueblo founded with construction of first building (start of Yerba Buena, later to be called San Francisco).
06 25 1938 Federal minimum wage law guarantees workers 40› per hour.
06 25 1950 Korean War begins; North Korea invades South.
06 25 1950 El Al begins air service.
06 25 1951 1st color TV broadcast: CBS' Arthur Godfrey from NYC to 4 cities
06 25 1953 First passenger flies commercially around the world < 100 hours.
06 25 1977 Roy C Sullivan of Virginia is struck by lightening for 7th time!
06 26 1483 Richard III crowned King of England. Villified by Thomas More.
06 26 1797 Charles Newbold patents first cast-iron plow.
06 26 1876 Custer's Last Stand
06 26 1900 Walter Reed begins research that beats yellow fever
06 26 1911 Nieuport sets an aircraft speed record of 133 kph
06 26 1934 FDR signs Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions.
06 26 1945 UN Charter signed by 50 nations in San Francisco.
06 26 1948 US responses to Soviet blockade of Berlin with an airlift.
06 26 1949 Walter Baade discovers asteroid Icarus INSIDE orbit of Mercury.
06 26 1959 St Lawrence Seaway opens, linking Atlantic Ocean with Great Lakes
06 26 1963 John F. Kennedy visits West Berlin, "Ich bin ein Berliner".
06 26 1968 Iwo Jima and Bonin Islands returned to Japan by US
06 26 1978 First dedicated oceanographic satellite, SEASAT 1 launched.
06 27 1806 Buenos Aires captured by British
06 27 1838 Queen Victoria is crowned
06 27 1929 First color TV demo, in New York
06 27 1942 FBI captures 8 Nazi saboteurs from a sub off Long Island, NY.
06 27 1950 President Truman orders Air Force and Navy into Korean conflict.
06 27 1955 First automobile seat belt legislation enacted Illinois
06 27 1960 Chlorophyll "A" synthesized in Cambridge Mass
06 27 1962 NASA X-15 flies at 4105 mph
06 27 1963 Robert Rushworth in X-15 reaches 87 km
06 27 1978 Soyuz 30 launched
06 27 1982 4th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 4 launched
06 27 1983 Soyuz T-9 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 7 space station
06 28 1820 The tomato is proved to be nonpoisonous.
06 28 1919 The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I, was signed.
06 28 1939 Pan Am begins transatlantic air service with the Dixie Clipper.
06 28 1951 "Amos 'n Andy" show premiers on television (CBS).
06 29 1776 Mission Dolores founded by San Francisco Bay.
06 29 1854 Congress ratifies Gadsden Purchase of parts of New Mexico, Ariz.
06 29 1863 The very first First National Bank opens in Davenport, Iowa.
06 29 1916 The first Boeing aircraft flies.
06 29 1929 First high-speed jet wind tunnel completed Langley Field, CA.
06 29 1946 British arrest 2700 Jews in Palestine as alleged terrorists
06 29 1952 First aircraft carrier to sail around Cape Horn - the Oriskany.
06 29 1962 First flight of the Vickers VC-10 long-range airliner.
06 29 1971 Soyuz 11 docks with Salyut 1 for 22 days
06 30 1834 Congress creates Indian Territory
06 30 1893 The Excelsior diamond (blue-white, 995 carats) discovered.
06 30 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act adopted
06 30 1908 Giant fireball impacts in Central Siberia (the Tunguska Event)
06 30 1930 First round-the-world radio broadcast, from Schenectady NY.
06 30 1936 40 hour work week law approved in US.
06 30 1948 Transistor demonstrated Murray Hill, NJ.
06 30 1960 Zaire gains its independence.
06 30 1972 Timekeeping adjusted with the first leap second.
07 01 1535 Sir Thomas More went on trial in England charged with treason
07 01 1847 1st adhesive US postage stamps go on sale
07 01 1850 At least 626 ships lying at anchor around San Francisco Bay.
07 01 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, PA - Lee's northward advance halted.
07 01 1867 Dominion of Canada formed.
07 01 1873 Prince Edward Island becomes 7th Canadian province.
07 01 1898 Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders charge up San Juan Hill.
07 01 1899 SF City Hall turned over to city, after 29 years of building
07 01 1919 First Class Postage DROPS to 2 cents from 3 cents.
07 01 1941 1st TV licenses granted: W2XBS-WNBT (NBC) & WCBW (CBS), New York
07 01 1943 first automatic withholding tax from paychecks
07 01 1944 Bretton Woods Conference starts, establishing world-wide financial systems (like the IMF and the World Bank).
07 01 1960 Italian Somalia gains independence, unites with Somali Republic.
07 01 1960 Ghana becomes a republic.
07 01 1962 Burundi & Rwanda gain independence from Belgium (National Days).
07 01 1966 Medicare goes into effect.
07 01 1968 US, Britain, USSR & 58 nations sign Nuclear Nonproliferation Trea
07 01 1969 Charles Philip Arthur George invested as the Prince of Wales
07 01 1971 Golden Gate Bridge paid for (so why is there still a toll?).
07 01 1982 Kosmos 1383, 1st search and rescue satellite, launched.
07 02 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits industrial monopolies.
07 02 1900 first flight of a Zeppelin (the LZ-1).
07 02 1926 US Army Air Corps created
07 02 1937 Amelia Earhart & Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean
07 02 1957 1st submarine built to fire guided missiles launched, "Grayback"
07 02 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act.
07 02 1976 Supreme Court ruled death penalty not inherently cruel or unusual
07 02 1985 Proto launched on its way to Halley's Comet
07 03 1608 City of Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain
07 03 1775 Washington takes command of Continental Army at Cambridge, Mass
07 03 1819 1st savings bank in US (Bank of Savings in NYC) opens its doors
07 03 1861 Pony Express arrives in SF with overland letters from New York.
07 03 1890 Idaho becomes 43rd state.
07 03 1898 US Navy defeats Spanish fleet in the harbor at Santiago Cuba
07 03 1962 Algeria becomes independent after 132 years of French rule
07 03 1983 Calvin Smith (US) becomes fastest man alive (36.25 kph for 100 m)
07 03 1986 Renovated Statue of Liberty is rededicated with great ceremony.
07 04 1054 Brightest known super-nova starts shining, for 23 days.
07 04 1057 Crab Nebula supernova recorded by Chinese & Japanese astronomers.
07 04 1776 Declaration of Independence - US gains independence from Britain
07 04 1802 US Military Academy officially openes at West Point, NY
07 04 1828 first US passenger railroad started, The Baltimore & Ohio
07 04 1845 Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond.
07 04 1862 Lewis Carroll begins inventing "Alice in Wonderland" for his friend Alice Pleasance Liddell during a boating trip
07 04 1863 Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho).
07 04 1876 1st public exhibition of electric light in San Francisco.
07 04 1882 Telegraph Hill Observatory opens.
07 04 1884 Statue of Liberty is presented to theUnited States, in Paris.
07 04 1894 Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of the first US autos
07 04 1894 Republic of Hawaii established.
07 04 1903 Pacific Cable (San Francisco, Hawaii, Guam, Phillipines) opens. President Roosevelt sends a message to the Phillipines,
07 04 1933 Work begins on the Oakland Bay Bridge.
07 04 1946 Philippines gains independence from US
07 04 1965 Mariner 4 flies past Mars, sends first close-up photos.
07 04 1967 Freedom of Information Act goes into effect
07 04 1976 Raid on Entebbe - Israel rescues 229 Air France passengers
07 05 1687 Isaac Newton's PRINCIPIA is published by Royal Society in England
07 05 1811 Venezuela gains independence from Spain.
07 05 1859 Captain N.C. Brooks discovers Midway Islands.
07 05 1865 William Booth founds the Salvation Army, in London, England.
07 05 1935 first Hawaii Calls radio program is broadcast.
07 05 1938 Herb Caen gets his first column in the S.F. Chronicle.
07 05 1944 first rocket airplane flown
07 05 1950 Law of Return passes allowing all Jews rights to live in Israel
07 05 1951 Junction transistor invention announced, Murray Hill, NJ
07 05 1975 Cape Verde Islands independent, 500 years under Portuguese rule
07 05 1978 Soyuz 30 is launched
07 06 1885 1st inoculation (for rabies) of a human being, by Louis Pasteur
07 06 1928 Preview of 1st all-talking motion picture took place in NYC
07 06 1932 First Class postage back up to 3 cents from 2 cents.
07 06 1933 1st All-Star baseball game. American League won 5-2.
07 06 1964 Malawi (then Nyasaland) gains independence from Britain
07 06 1975 Comoros Islands gain independence from France (most of them).
07 06 1976 Soyuz 21 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 5 space station.
07 07 1846 United States annexs California
07 07 1891 A patent was granted for the travelers cheque.
07 07 1898 Hawaii annexed to the United States.
07 07 1930 Construction began on Boulder (later Hoover) Dam
07 07 1946 Mother Frances X Cabrini canonized as 1st American saint
07 07 1978 Solomon Islands gains independence from Britain (National Day).
07 07 1980 first solar-powered aircraft crosses English Channel.
07 07 1990 The world's 3 greatest tenors: Carreras, Domingo and Pavarotti appear together, for the only time, in Rome. Simply ahhhsome!
07 08 1663 King Charles II of England granted a charter to Rhode Island
07 08 1776 Col. John Nixon gives 1st public reading of Decl of Independence
07 08 1796 1st American Passport issued by the US State Department.
07 08 1835 The Liberty Bell cracks (again).
07 08 1889 Vol 1, No 1, of "The Wall Street Journal" published.
07 08 1896 William Jennings Bryan makes his 'cross of gold' speech at the Democratic Convention in Chicago.
07 08 1905 Part of Angel Island (in SF bay ) becomes an Immigration Detention Center (port of entry for immigrants).
07 08 1907 Florenz Ziegfeld staged 1st `Follies' on NY Theater roof
07 08 1947 Demolition begins in New York for headquarters of United Nations
07 08 1977 Sabra Starr finishes longest recorded belly dance (100 hrs).
07 08 1978 Pioneer-Venus 2 Multi-probe launched to Venus.
07 09 1540 Henry VIII's 6-month marriage to Anne of Cleves is annulled.
07 09 1816 Argentina gains its independence.
07 09 1846 Capt Montgomery claims Yerba Buena (San Francisco) for the U.S.
07 09 1953 first helicopter passenger service, in New York
07 09 1957 Announcement of discovery of element 102 - nobelium
07 09 1979 Voyager II flies past Jupiter.
07 10 1890 Wyoming becomes the 44th state.
07 10 1925 USSR's official news agency TASS established.
07 10 1925 The Scopes 'Monkey Trial' on evolution, starts.
07 10 1940 Battle of Britain began as Nazi forces attack by air.
07 10 1962 Telstar, 1st communications satelite launched.
07 10 1966 Orbiter 1 Launched to moon.
07 10 1980 Ayatollah Khomeini releases Iran hostage Richard I. Queen
07 10 1985 French agents sink Greenpeace "Rainbow Warrior" in New Zealand.
07 11 1533 Pope Clement VII excommunicates England's King Henry VIII
07 11 1798 US Marine Corps is created by an act of Congress
07 11 1804 Burr and Hamilton duel. Burr won.
07 11 1864 Confederate forces, led by Gen J Early, invade Washington DC
07 11 1955 USAF Academy dedicated at Lowry AFB in Colorado
07 11 1962 Cosmonaut Micolaev set longevity space flight record-4 days
07 11 1962 1st transatlantic TV transmission via satellite (Telstar I).
07 11 1977 Medal of Freedom awarded posthumously to Martin Luther King
07 11 1979 US Skylab enters atmosphere over Australia & disintegrates.
07 11 1986 Mary Beth Whitehead christens her surrogate "Baby M", Sara.
07 12 1543 Henry VIII marries Catharine Parr (his 6th & last wife).
07 12 1812 US forces lead by Gen. Hull invade Canada (War of 1812).
07 12 1862 Congress authorizes Medal of Honor
07 12 1933 Congress passes 1st minimum wage law ($0.33 per hour).
07 12 1960 Echo I, 1st passive satellite launched.
07 12 1960 USSR's Sputnik 5 launched with 2 dogs.
07 12 1962 Cosmonaut Popovich in space 1st time 2, manned craft in space
07 12 1977 first free flight test of Space Shuttle Enterprise.
07 12 1979 Kiribati (Gilbert & Ellice Is.) gains independence from Britain.
07 12 1984 Geraldine Ferraro, Democrat, becomes the first woman to be a major-party candicate for Vice President.
07 13 1865 Horace Greeley advises readers to "Go west". He meant Michigan.
07 13 1919 first lighter-than-air transatlantic flight completed.
07 13 1977 New York City experiences a 25 hr black-out
07 13 1984 Sergei Bubka of USSR pole vaults a record 5.89 m.
07 14 1771 Mission San Antonio de Padua founded in California
07 14 1789 Citizens of Paris storm the (near empty) Bastille prison.
07 14 1850 1st public demonstration of ice made by refrigeration.
07 14 1853 Commodore Perry requests trade relations with the Japanese.
07 14 1865 1st ascent of the Matterhorn.
07 14 1953 first national monument dedicated to a Negro - GW Carver
07 14 1958 Iraqi army Iraq overthrew monarchy, a Colonel Saddam Hussein.
07 14 1959 first atomic powered cruiser, the Long Beach, Quincy Mass
07 14 1965 US Mariner IV, 1st Mars probe, passes at 6,100 miles
07 14 1987 Taiwan ends 37 years of martial law
07 15 1662 Charles II grants a charter to establish Royal Society in London.
07 15 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte captured.
07 15 1870 NW Territories created & Manitoba becomes 5th Canadian province.
07 15 1940 first betatron placed in operation, Urbana, Illinois
07 15 1954 first US passenger jet transport airplane tested (Boeing 707).
07 15 1975 Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 launched; rendezvous 2 days later.
07 16 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Moslem power in Spain.
07 16 1548 La Paz, Bolivia is founded.
07 16 1769 Father Serra founds Mission San Diego, 1st mission in Calif.
07 16 1790 Congress establishes the District of Columbia.
07 16 1861 1st major battle of the Civil War -- Bull Run.
07 16 1935 1st automatic parking meter in US installed, Oklahoma City, OK
07 16 1945 1st atomic blast, Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico.
07 16 1969 Apollo 11, first manned ship to land on the moon is launched with astronauts Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins.
07 17 1821 Spain ceded Florida to US
07 17 1841 British humor magazine `Punch' 1st published.
07 17 1850 Harvard Observatory takes 1st photograph of a star (Vega)
07 17 1898 Spanish American War ends, in Santiago, Cuba.
07 17 1917 British royal family adopts the name `Windsor.'
07 17 1945 Potsdam Conference. FDR, Stalin, Churchill hold first meeting.
07 17 1948 Republic of Korea founded.
07 17 1954 Construction begins on Disneyland...
07 17 1955 ... Disneyland opens its doors in rural Orange County.
07 17 1959 Tibet abolishes serfdom
07 17 1962 Robert White in X-15 sets altitude record of 108 km (354,300 ft).
07 17 1969 Apollo/Soyuz, the first US/USSR linkup in space
07 17 0197 Pioneer 7 launched.
07 17 1984 Soyuz T-12 carries 3 cosmonauts to space station Salyut 7.
07 18 1964 The Great Fire of Rome begins (Nero didn't fiddle).
07 18 1536 Pope's authority declared void in England.
07 18 1872 Britain introduces voting by secret ballot.
07 18 1931 first air-conditioned ship launched - "Mariposa"
07 18 1936 Spanish Civil War begans, Francisco Franco leads uprising.
07 18 1938 Douglas `Wrong Way' Corrigan lands in Ireland-left NY for Calif
07 18 1955 first electric power generated from atomic energy sold.
07 18 1966 Carl Sagan turns one billion seconds old
07 18 1966 Gemini 10 launched.
07 18 1968 Intel Corporation is incorporated. Made first microchip.
07 18 1980 Rohini 1, first Indian satellite, is launched.
07 18 1984 Svetlana Savitskaya accompanies Vladimir Dzhanibekov on EVA outside Salyut 7, becoming first woman to walk in space.
07 18 1986 Videotapes released showing Titanic's sunken remains
07 19 1848 First Women's Rights Convention. Seneca Falls, NY
07 19 1880 SF Public Library allows patrons to start borrowing books.
07 19 1935 1st parking meters installed in Oklahoma City business district.
07 19 1955 "Balclutha" ties up at SF Pier 43 & becomes a floating museum.
07 19 1961 1st In-flight movie is shown (on TWA).
07 20 1810 Columbia gains its independence.
07 20 1859 admission fee first charged to see a baseball game (50 cents).
07 20 1871 British Columbia becomes 6th Canadian province.
07 20 1960 USSR recovered 2 dogs; 1st living organisms to return from space.
07 20 1960 1st submerged submarine fires Polaris missile, George Washington
07 20 1969 first men land on the moon, aboard Apollo 11 at 09:18 GMT. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin establish Tranquility Base
07 20 1976 first pictures from Mars surface received (courtesy Viking 2).
07 20 1977 Voyager 2 launched to the outer solar system.
07 21 1831 Belgium gains its independence.
07 21 1873 World's 1st train robbery, by Jesse James.
07 21 1940 Soviet Union annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
07 21 1959 first atomic powered merchant ship, Savannah, christened.
07 21 1961 Mercury 4 is launched into sub-orbital flight
07 21 1965 Gemini 5 launched atop Titan V with Cooper and Conrad
07 21 1969 Neil Armstrong steps onto the moon at 02:56:15 GMT. "It's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
07 21 1969 Independence Day, celebrated in Belgium.
07 22 1933 Wiley Post completes 1st round-the-world solo flight.
07 22 1972 Venera 8 makes a soft landing on Venus.
07 23 1798 Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt.
07 23 1829 Typewriter is patented.
07 23 1904 The Ice Cream Cone is invented.
07 23 1937 Isolation of pituitary hormone announced
07 23 1968 PLO's 1st hijacking of an EL AL plane
07 23 1972 ERTS 1 (Earth Resources Technology Satellite) later called LANDSA launched to start its multi-spectral scans of Earth
07 23 1972 1st Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) is launched
07 23 1980 Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6.
07 24 1701 French make 1st landing at site of Detroit.
07 24 1704 Great Britain takes Gibralter from Spain
07 24 1847 Mormon leader Brigham Young & followers arrive at Salt Lake City,
07 24 1929 Hoover proclaims Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war
07 24 1946 US detonates atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll. See film Radio Bikini.
07 24 1959 Nixon has the `Kitchen Debate' with Khrushchev
07 25 1909 first airplane flight across the English Channel.
07 25 1952 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico created.
07 25 1956 Italian liner Andrea Doria sank after collision with Stockholm.
07 25 1963 US Russia & England sign nuclear test ban treaty
07 25 1973 USSR launches Mars 5
07 25 1981 Voyager 2 encounters Saturn, "thousands of rings".
07 25 1987 USSR launches Kosmos 1870, 15-ton earth-study satellite.
07 26 1775 Benjamin Franklin becomes the first Postmaster General.
07 26 1847 Liberia gains its independence.
07 26 1887 first book published in Esperanto. Not a hit.
07 26 1908 Federal Bureau of Investigation established
07 26 1947 Department of Defense established
07 26 1953 Fidel Castro begins revolution against Batista
07 26 1953 Korean War Armistice is signed.
07 26 1956 Egypt seizes the Suez Canal
07 26 1957 USSR launchs 1st intercontinental multi-stage ballistic missle.
07 26 1963 US launches Syncom 2, the first geosynchronous satellite
07 26 1965 Republic of Maldives gains independence from Britain (Nat'l Day).
07 26 1971 US launches Apollo 15 to the Moon
07 26 1982 Canada's Anik D1 comsat launched by US delta rocket.
07 27 1501 Copernicus formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral
07 27 1694 Bank of England is chartered.
07 27 1836 Adelaide, South Australia founded.
07 27 1866 Atlantic telegraph cable successfully laid (1,686 miles long).
07 27 1940 Billboard magazine starts publishing best-seller's charts.
07 27 1955 Austria regains full independence after 4-power occupation.
07 27 1962 Mariner 2 launched on a flyby mission to venus
07 27 1969 Pioneer 10 Launched.
07 28 1586 Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe.
07 28 1821 Peru gains its independence.
07 28 1849 "Memmon" is first clipper to reach SF, 120 days out of NY
07 28 1851 total solar eclipse captured on a daguerreotype photograph
07 28 1866 Metric system becomes a legal measurement system in US
07 28 1868 14th Amendment ratified, citizenship to exslaves.
07 28 1900 The Hamburger is created by Louis Lassing in Connecticut
07 28 1914 Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia - World War I begins.
07 28 1931 Congress makes The Star-Spangled Banner our 2nd National Anthem
07 28 1932 President Hoover evicts bonus marchers from their encampment.
07 28 1933 1st Singing Telegram is delivered (to Rudy Vallee).
07 28 1964 Ranger 7 launched to the moon; sends back 4308 TV pictures.
07 28 1973 Skylab 3's astronauts are launched
07 28 1976 Eldon Joersz & Geo. Morgan set world airspeed record of 3,530 kph
07 29 1858 1st commercial treaty between US and Japan is signed.
07 29 1914 1st transcontinental phone link. Between NYC and San Francisco.
07 29 1920 1st transcontinental airmail flight: New York to San Francisco
07 29 1957 International Atomic Energy Agency established by UN
07 29 1978 Pioneer 11 transmits images of Saturn & its rings.
07 29 1981 The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana
07 29 1985 19th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 8 is launched
07 30 1619 The House of Burgesses in Virginia is formed. 1st elective governing body in a British colony.
07 30 1836 1st English newspaper published in Hawaii.
07 30 1946 1st rocket to attain 100-mile altitude, White Sands, NM
07 30 1956 Motto of US "In God We Trust" authorized
07 30 1971 US Apollo 15 lands on Mare Imbrium.
07 30 1980 Vanuatu (then New Hebrides) gains independence from Britain, Fran
07 30 1983 STS-8 3rd flight of Challenger. 1st night launch & land.
07 30 1984 STS-14 first flight of the shuttle Discovery.
07 31 1498 Christopher Columbus discovers island of Trinidad.
07 31 1588 English fleet attacks Spanish armada
07 31 1790 1st US Patent granted (for a potash process).
07 31 1948 President Truman dedicates Idlewild Field (Kennedy Airport), NY
07 31 1964 Ranger 7 transmits the 1st lunar close-up photos before impact
07 31 1970 Chet Huntley retires from NBC, ending 'Huntley-Brinkley Report' (No more "Goodnight, David", "Goodnight, Chet")
08 01 1291 Everlasting League forms, the basis of the Swiss Confederation
08 01 1790 First U.S. Census
08 01 1794 Whisky Rebellion
08 01 1852 Black Methodists establish 1st black SF church, Zion Methodist
08 01 1901 Burial within San Francisco City limits prohibited.
08 01 1946 President Truman establishes Atomic Energy Commission.
08 01 1953 California introduces its Sales Tax (for Education).
08 01 1958 First Class postage up to 4 cents (had been 3 cents for 26 years
08 02 1873 1st trial run of an SF cable car, on Clay Street between Kearny and Jones, downhill all the way, at 4AM.
08 02 1877 San Francisco Public Library opens with 5000 volumes.
08 02 1990 Saddam Hussein of Iraq invades neighboring Kuwait in the first act of the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
08 03 1492 Columbus sets sail for 'the Indies'.
08 04 1693 Champagne is invented by Dom Perignon.
08 05 1775 The 1st Spanish ship, 'San Carlos', enters San Francisco bay.
08 05 1861 US levies its first Income Tax (3% of incomes over $800).
08 05 1864 Spectrum of a comet observed for 1st time, by Giovanni Donati
08 05 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed.
08 06 1835 Bolivia gains its independence
08 06 1926 The first woman swims the English Channel.
08 06 1945 The first Atom Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by the 'Enola Gay'.
08 07 1807 1st servicable steamboat, the Cleremont, goes on 1st voyage.
08 09 1842 The US-Canada border defined by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
08 09 1945 The 2nd Atom Bomb dropped on Nagasaki.
08 09 1974 Richard Nixon resigns presidency.
08 10 1809 Ecuador gains its independence.
08 10 1981 Pete Rose tops Stan Musial's record of 3630 hits.
08 11 1877 Asaph Hall discovers Mars' moon Deimos
08 11 1929 Babe Ruth hits his 500th homer
08 11 1933 Temp. hits 58øC (136øF) at San Luis Potos¡, Mex. (world record)
08 12 1851 Issac Singer granted a patent for his sewing machine.
08 12 1898 The peace protocol ending the Spanish-American War was signed.
08 12 1915 `Of Human Bondage,' by William Somerset Maugham, published.
08 12 1934 Babe Ruth's final game at Fenway Park, 41,766 on hand
08 13 1642 Christiaan Huygens discovers the Martian south polar cap
08 13 1876 Reciprocity Treaty between US and Hawaii ratified.
08 13 1961 Berlin Wall erected in East Germany
08 14 0410 Alaric sacks Rome, he really was a Vandal.
08 14 1457 Oldest exactly dated printed book (c. 3 years after Gutenberg)
08 14 1846 Henry David Thoreau jailed for tax resistance.
08 14 1848 Oregon Territory created
08 14 1935 Social Security Act became law
08 14 1941 Atlantic Charter signed by FDR & Churchill
08 14 1945 VJ Day - Japan surrendered to end World War II.
08 14 1966 First US lunar orbiter does it.
08 15 1901 Arch Rock, danger to Bay shipping, blasted with 30 tons of nitrogelatin (and that ain't jello).
08 15 1945 South Korea liberated from Japanese rule.
08 15 1945 Riot in San Francisco celebrating end of World War II.
08 15 1960 The Congo (Brazzaville) gains its independence.
08 16 1863 Emancipation Proclamation signed
08 16 1969 Woodstock festival begins in New York.
08 16 1970 Venera 7 launched by USSR for soft landing on Venus
08 17 1807 R. Fulton's steamboat Clermont begins 1st trip up Hudson River
08 17 1896 Gold discovered at Bonanza Creek, in Klondike region of the Yukon
08 17 1939 "The Wizard of Oz" opens at Loew's Capitol Theater in NY
08 17 1950 Indonesia gains its independence.
08 18 1868 Pierre Janssan discovers helium in solar spectrum during eclipse
08 18 1914 Pres Wilson issues Proclamation of Neutrality
08 18 1963 James Meredith becomes 1st black graduate of Univ of Miss.
08 18 1976 USSR's Luna 24 softlands on the Moon
08 19 1826 Canada Co. chartered to colonize Upper Canada (Ontario).
08 19 1891 William Huggins describes use of spectrum in astronomy.
08 19 1960 Francis Gary Powers convicted of spying by USSR (U-2 incident)
08 19 1960 Sputnik 5 carries 3 dogs into orbit (recovered alive) Yeaaa!
08 19 1979 The crew of Soyuz 32 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 34
08 19 1982 Soyuz T-7 is launched
08 20 1866 President Andrew Johnson formally declared the Civil War over
08 20 1920 US's first radio broadcaster, 8MK later WWJ, Detroit begins daily broadcasting.
08 20 1930 Dumont's 1st TV Broadcast for home reception, NY city
08 20 1940 Churchill says of the Royal Air Force, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."
08 20 1942 WW II dimout regulations implemented in San Francisco.
08 20 1977 Voyager II launched.
08 21 1841 John Hampson patents the venetian blind
08 21 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state.
08 21 1965 Gemini 5 launched into earth orbit (2 astronauts)
08 21 1968 Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia.
08 21 1968 William Dana reaches 80 km (last high-altitude X-15 flight)
08 21 1972 US orbiting astronomy observatory Copernicus is launched
08 22 1485 Richard III slain at Bosworth Field - Last of the Plantagenets
08 22 1787 John Fitch's steamboat completes its tests, years before Fulton
08 22 1851 Gold fields discovered in Australia
08 22 1963 Joe Walker in a NASA X-15, reaches 106 km (67 miles)
08 23 1833 Britain abolishes slavery in colonies; 700,000 slaves freed
08 23 1869 1st carload of freight (boots & shoes) arrives in San Francisco, from Boston, after a 16-day rail trip.
08 23 1919 "Gasoline Alley" cartoon strip premiers in Chicago Tribune
08 23 1957 Digital Equipment Corp. founded
08 23 1966 Lunar Orbiter 1 takes 1st photograph of earth from the moon
08 23 1973 First Intelsat communications satellite launched
08 23 1977 1st man-powered flight (Bryan Allen in Gossamer Condor)
08 24 0079 Mt. Vesuvius erupts; Pompeii & Herculaneum are buried
08 24 1814 British sack Washington, DC. Please, it needs it again!
08 24 1869 The Waffle Iron is invented.
08 24 1909 Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal.
08 24 1932 1st transcontinental non-stop flight by a woman, AE Putnam
08 24 1956 1st non-stop transcontinental helicopter flight arrived Wash DC
08 24 1960 temp. drops to -88ø (-127ø F) at Vostok, Antarctica (world record)
08 24 1989 Voyager II passes Neptune, Triton, finds rings here too.
08 25 1689 Montreal taken by the Iroquois
08 25 1825 Uruguay gains its independence.
08 25 1929 Graf Zeppelin passes over San Francisco, headed for Los Angeles after trans-Pacific voyage from Tokyo.
08 25 1981 Voyager II flies past Saturn. sees not a few, but thousands of rings.
08 25 1981 Voyager 2 in its closest approach to Saturn,
08 26 1955 B.C. Roman forces under Julius Caesar invaded Britain.
08 26 1346 English longbows defeat French in Battle of Cr‚cy
08 26 1629 Cambridge Agreement pledged. Massachusetts Bay Co. stockholders agreed to emigrate to New England.
08 26 1791 John Fitch granted a US patent for his working steamboat.
08 26 1846 W. A. Bartlett appointed 1st US mayor of Yerba Buena (SF).
08 26 1907 Houdini escapes from chains underwater at SF's Aquatic Park in 57 seconds.
08 26 1920 19th Amendment passes - Women's Suffrage granted (about time!)
08 26 1952 Fluoridation of San Francisco water begins.
08 26 1962 Mariner 2 launched for 1st planet flyby (Venus)
08 26 1973 Women's Equality Day
08 27 1776 Americans defeated by British in Battle of Long Island
08 27 1783 1st hydrogen-filled balloon ascent (unmanned)
08 27 1859 1st successful oil well drilled near Titusville, Penn.
08 27 1859 1st successful oil well drilled, near Titusville, Penn
08 27 1883 Krakatoa, Java explodes with a force of 1,300 megatons
08 27 1883 Krakatoa, WEST of Java, blew apart (Top that, St Helens).
08 27 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, where 60 nations agreed to outlaw war.
08 28 1565 St Augustine, Fla established
08 28 1609 Delaware Bay explored by Henry Hudson for the Netherlands
08 28 1789 William Herschel discovers Enceladus, satellite of Saturn
08 28 1828 Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy was born near Tula.
08 28 1907 United Parcel Service begins service, in Seattle
08 28 1917 10 suffragists were arrested as they picketed the White House
08 28 1965 Astronauts Cooper & Conrad complete 120 Earth orbits in Gemini 5
08 29 1526 Hungary conquered by Turks in Battle of Moh cs
08 29 1533 Last Incan King of Peru, Atahualpa, murdered by Spanish conquerors
08 29 1896 Chop suey invented in NYC by chef of visiting Chinese Ambassador
08 29 1949 USSR explodes its 1st atomic bomb
08 29 1954 San Francisco International Airport (SFO) opens.
08 30 1850 Honolulu, Hawaii becomes a city.
08 30 1979 1st recorded occurrance of a comet hitting the sun (the energy released was about equal to 1 million hydrogen bombs).
08 30 1983 8th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 3 is launched
08 30 1984 12th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 1 is launched
08 31 1842 US Naval Observatory is authorized by an act of Congress
08 31 1955 1st sun-powered automobile demonstrated, Chicago, IL
08 31 1977 Aleksandr Fedotov sets world aircraft altitude record of 38.26 km (125,524 ft) in a Mikoyan E-266M turbojet
08 31 1980 Solidarity Labor Union in Poland is founded.
09 01 1772 Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa founded in California
09 01 1807 Aaron Burr aquitted of charges of plotting to set up an empire.
09 01 1849 California Constitutional Convention held in Monterey.
09 01 1859 Carrington & Hodgson make first observation of a solar flare.
09 01 1878 1st woman telephone operator starts work (Emma Nutt in Boston).
09 01 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become 8th and 9th Canadian provinces.
09 01 1939 PHYSICAL REVIEW publishes first paper to deal with "black holes"
09 01 1939 Germany invades Poland, starting World War II.
09 01 1969 Moammar Gadhafi deposes Libya's King Idris
09 01 1977 First TRS-80 Model I computer is sold.
09 01 1979 Pioneer 11 makes 1st fly-by of Saturn, discovers new moon, rings
09 01 1983 A Korean Boeing 747, carrying 269 passengers, strays into Soviet air space and is shot down by a Soviet jet fighter.
09 01 1985 SS Titanic, sunk in 1912, is found by French & American scientists
09 02 1931 BC At the Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony, and becomes the Emporer Augustus.
09 02 0490 BC Phidippides runs the first marathon, seeking aid from Sparta against the Persians.
09 02 1666 Great Fire of London starts; destroys St. Paul's Church
09 02 1789 US Treasury Department established by Congress
09 02 1804 Harding discovers Juno, the 3rd known asteroid
09 02 1898 Lord Kitchener retakes Sudan for Britain
09 02 1945 Vietnam declares independence from France (National Day)
09 02 1945 V-J Day; Japan formally surrenders aboard the USS Missouri.
09 02 1963 CBS & NBC expand network news from 15 to 30 minutes
09 03 1783 Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolutionary War, is signed.
09 03 1849 California State Constitutional Convention convenes in Monterey
09 03 1900 British annex Natal (South Africa)
09 03 1935 First automobile to exceed 300 mph, Sir Malcolm Campbell
09 03 1939 Britain declared war on Germany. France followed six hours later, quickly joined by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa & Canada
09 03 1940 First showing of high definition color television
09 03 1940 US gives Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for military bases
09 03 1976 US Viking 2 lands on Mars at Utopia
09 03 1978 Crew of Soyuz 31 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 29
09 03 1985 20th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 6 returns to Earth
09 04 0476 Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor in the west, is deposed.
09 04 1609 Navigator Henry Hudson discovers the island of Manhattan.
09 04 1781 Los Angeles is founded in the Valley of Smokes (Indian Name).
09 04 1833 1st newsboy in the US hired (Barney Flaherty), by the NY Sun
09 04 1870 French republic proclaimed
09 04 1882 First district lit by electricty (NY's Pearl Street Station)
09 04 1886 Geronimo is captured, ending last major US-Indian war
09 04 1888 George Eastman patents 1st rollfilm camera & registers "Kodak".
09 04 1911 Garros sets world altitude record of 4,250 m (13,944 ft)
09 04 1918 US troops land in Archangel, Russia, stay 10 months
09 04 1933 First airplane to exceed 300 mph, JR Wendell, Glenview, Illinois
09 04 1950 First helicopter rescue of American pilot behind enemy lines.
09 04 1951 First transcontinental TV broadcast, by President Truman
09 04 1954 1st passage of McClure Strait, fabled Northwest Passage completed
09 04 1957 Ford introduces the Edsel.
09 04 1964 NASA launches its first Orbital Geophysical Observatory (OGO-1)
09 04 1972 US swimmer Mark Spitz is 1st athlete to win 7 olympic gold medals
09 04 1980 Iraqi troops seize Iranian territory in a border dispute.
09 05 1774 First Continental Congress assembles, in Philadelphia
09 05 1781 Battle of Virginia Capes, where the French Fleet defeats the British rescue fleet, trapping Cornwallis at Yorktown.
09 05 1885 1st gasoline pump is delivered to a gasoline dealer.
09 05 1953 First privately operated atomic reactor - Raleigh NC
09 05 1958 First color video recording on mag. tape shown, Charlotte NC
09 05 1977 Voyager II launched towards Jupiter and Saturn.
09 05 1978 Sadat, Begin and Carter began peace conference at Camp David, Md.
09 05 1980 World's longest auto tunnel, St. Gotthard in Swiss Alps, opens.
09 06 1628 Puritans land at Salem, form Massachusetts Bay Colony.
09 06 1716 First lighthouse in US built, in Boston
09 06 1869 First westbound train arrives in San Francisco.
09 06 1909 Word received: Peary discovered the North Pole five months ago.
09 06 1966 Star Trek appears on TV for the 1st time, on NBC. Beam me up!
09 07 1822 Brazil declares independence from Portugal (National Day).
09 07 1907 Sutro's ornate Cliff House in SF is destroyed by fire.
09 07 1948 First use of synthetic rubber in asphaltic concrete, Akron OH
09 07 1956 Bell X-2 sets Unofficial manned aircraft altitude record 126,000+
09 08 1380 Russians defeat Tatars at Kulikovo, beginning decline of Tatars.
09 08 1565 1st permanent settlement in US founded at St Augustine, Florida
09 08 1565 Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese & Knights of St. John.
09 08 1664 Dutch surrender New Amsterdam (NY) to English.
09 08 1771 Mission San Gabriel Archangel founded in California.
09 08 1858 Lincoln makes a speech describing when you can fool people.
09 08 1883 Northern Pacific RR's last spike driven at Independence Creek, Mo
09 08 1920 1st US Air Mail service begins.
09 08 1943 Italy surrenders to the allies in WW II
09 08 1945 US invades Japanese-held Korea.
09 09 1513 Battle of Flodden Fields; English defeat James IV of Scotland.
09 09 1776 Continental Congress authorizes the name "United States".
09 09 1839 John Herschel takes the first glass plate photograph
09 09 1850 California becomes the 31st state.
09 09 1867 Luxembourg gains independence.
09 09 1892 E.E.Barnard at Lick discovers Amalthea, 5th moon of Jupiter.
09 09 1926 NBC created by the Radio Corporation of America.
09 09 1942 First bombing of the continental US, at Mount Emily Oregon by a Japanese plane launched from a submarine.
09 09 1967 First successful test flight of a Saturn V rocket.
09 09 1975 Viking 2 launched toward orbit around Mars, soft landing.
09 09 1982 "Conestoga I", the world's first private rocket, is launched.
09 10 1608 John Smith elected president of Jamestown colony council, Va.
09 10 1813 Oliver H. Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake Erie
09 10 1846 Elias Howe receives patent for his sewing machine.
09 10 1919 NYC welcomes home Gen. John J. Pershing and 25,000 WW I soldiers
09 10 1945 Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death for collaborating with Nazis.
09 10 1953 Swanson sells its first "TV Dinner".
09 10 1955 "Gunsmoke" premieres on CBS television.
09 10 1963 Twenty black students enter public schools in Alabama.
09 10 1974 Guinea-Bissau gains independence from Portugal.
09 11 1777 Battle of Brandywine, PA - Americans lose to British.
09 11 1814 Battle of Lake Champlain, NY - British lose to Americans
09 11 1850 Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", makes first US concert.
09 11 1910 1st commercially successful electric bus line opens, in Hollywood
09 11 1936 FDR dedicates Boulder Dam, now known as Hoover Dam
09 11 1944 FDR and Churchill meet in Canada at the second Quebec Conference
09 11 1946 First mobile long-distance, car-to-car telephone conversation.
09 11 1947 US Department of Defense is formed.
09 11 1950 First typesetting machine without metal type is exhibited.
09 11 1954 First Miss America TV broadcast
09 11 1967 US Surveyor 5 makes first chemical analysis of lunar material.
09 11 1972 BART begins service with a 26 mile line from Oakland to Fremont
09 11 1985 Pete Rose, Cincinnati Reds, gets hit 4,192 - eclipsing Ty Cobb.
09 12 0490 BC Athenians defeat 2nd Persian invasion of Greece at Marathon.
09 12 1609 Henry Hudson discovers what is now called the Hudson River.
09 12 1758 Charles Messier observes the Crab Nebula and begins catalog.
09 12 1941 First German ship in WW II is captured by US ship (Busko)
09 12 1953 Khrushchev becomes First Secretary of the Communist Party
09 12 1959 Luna 1 launched by USSR; 1st spacecraft to impact on the moon.
09 12 1959 Bonanza, horse opera, premiers on television
09 12 1966 Gemini XI launched
09 12 1970 Luna 16 launched; returns samples from Mare Fecunditatis
09 12 1974 Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia overthrown.
09 13 1788 New York City becomes the capitol of the United States.
09 13 1906 First airplane flight in Europe.
09 13 1959 Soviet Lunik 2 becomes 1st human-made object to crash on moon.
09 13 1963 The Outer Limits premiers
09 14 1716 1st lighthouse in US is lit (in Boston Harbor).
09 14 1752 England and colonies adopt Gregorian calendar, 11 days disappear.
09 14 1812 Napoleon occupies Moscow.
09 14 1814 Francis Scott Key inspired to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner'.
09 14 1847 US troops capture Mexico City.
09 14 1886 The typewriter ribbon is patented.
09 14 1899 While in New York, Henry Bliss becomes 1st automobile fatality
09 14 1940 Congress passes 1st peace time draft law.
09 14 1956 First prefrontal lobotomy performed in Washington DC. Common now.
09 14 1964 Walt Disney awarded the Medal of Freedom at the White House
09 14 1968 USSR's Zond 5 is launched on first circum lunar flight
09 14 1974 Charles Kowal discovers Leda, 13th satellite of Jupiter.
09 15 1776 British forces occupy New York during the American Revolution.
09 15 1789 Department of Foreign Affairs is renamed the Department of State
09 15 1821 Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatamala, Honduras & Nicaragua all gain their independence.
09 15 1917 Russia is proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky
09 15 1947 First 4 engine jet propelled fighter plane tested, Columbus, Oh
09 15 1950 UN forces land at Inchon during Korean conflict.
09 15 1959 Soviet Premier Khrushchev arrives in US to begin a 13-day visit
09 15 1976 Soyuz 22 carries two cosmonauts into earth orbit for 8 days.
09 16 1620 The Mayflower departs from Plymouth, England with 102 pilgrims.
09 16 1630 Massachusets village of Shawmut changes its name to Boston
09 16 1662 Flamsteed sees solar eclipse, 1st known astronomical observation
09 16 1795 British capture Capetown
09 16 1857 Patent is issued for the typesetting machine.
09 16 1893 Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma opened to white settlement homesteaders
09 16 1908 William Crapo Durant incorporates General Motors
09 16 1919 The American Legion is incorporated.
09 16 1945 Barometric pressure at 856 mb (25.55") off Okinawa (record low)
09 16 1966 Metropolitan Opera opens at New York's Lincoln Center
09 16 1968 Richard Nixon appears on Laugh-in
09 16 1972 First TV series about mixed marriage - Bridgit Loves Bernie.
09 16 1974 BART begins regular transbay service.
09 16 1974 Pres Ford announces conditional amnesty for Vietnam deserters
09 16 1975 Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
09 16 1976 Episcopal Church approves ordination of women as priests & bishop
09 17 1776 The Presidio of San Francisco was founded as Spanish fort.
09 17 1787 The Constitution of The United States is adopted.
09 17 1789 William Herschel discovers Mimas, satellite of Saturn
09 17 1819 1st whaling ship arrives in Hawaii.
09 17 1908 Thomas Selfridge becomes 1st fatality of powered flight
09 17 1953 First successful separation of Siamese twins
09 17 1968 Zond 5 completes circumnavigation of the Moon
09 17 1972 BART begins passenger service
09 17 1978 Begin, Sadat and Carter sign the Camp David accord.
09 17 1985 Soyuz T-14 carries 3 cosmonauts to Salyut 7 space station
09 18 1755 Fort Ticonderoga, New York opened
09 18 1793 Washington lays cornerstone of Capitol building
09 18 1810 Chile gains its independence.
09 18 1851 "The New York Times" goes on sale, at 2 cents a copy.
09 18 1851 New York Times starts publishing, at 2› a copy
09 18 1927 Columbia Broadcasting System goes on the air.
09 18 1966 Gemini X is launched
09 18 1977 US Voyager I takes 1st space photograph of earth & moon together
09 18 1980 Soyuz 38 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Cuban) to Salyut 6 space station
09 18 1984 Joe Kittinger completes 1st solo balloon crossing of Atlantic
09 19 1356 English defeat French at Battle of Poitiers
09 19 1796 George Washington's presidential farewell address
09 19 1812 Napoleon's retreat from Russia begins
09 19 1848 Bond (US) & Lassell (England) independently discover Hyperion
09 19 1849 First commercial laundry established, in Oakland, California.
09 19 1873 Black Friday: Jay Cooke & Co. fails, causing a securities panic
09 19 1968 Baby born on Golden Gate Bridge (those Marin County folk!).
09 19 1982 Streetcars stop running on Market St after 122 years of service
09 20 1519 Magellan starts 1st successful circumnavigation of the world.
09 20 1797 US frigate "Constitution" (Old Ironsides) launched in Boston.
09 20 1859 Patent granted on the electric range.
09 20 1884 Equal Rights Party founding convention in San Francisco, nominated female candidates for President, Vice President.
09 20 1945 German rocket engineers begin work in US
09 20 1951 First North Pole jet crossing
09 20 1954 First FORTRAN computer program is run
09 20 1970 Luna 16 lands on Moon's Mare Fecunditatis, drills core sample
09 21 1784 1st daily newspaper in US begins publication in Pennsylvania.
09 21 1895 1st auto manufacturer opens -- Duryea Motor Wagon Company.
09 21 1930 Johann Ostermeyer patents his invention, the flashbulb.
09 21 1954 The nuclear submarine "Nautilus" is commissioned.
09 21 1958 1st airplane flight exceeding 1200 hours, lands at Dallas Texas
09 21 1964 Malta gains independence from Britain
09 21 1974 US Mariner 10 makes second fly-by of Mercury
09 21 1981 Sandra Day O'Conner becomes the 1st female Supreme Court Justice
09 21 1982 SF cable cars cease operations for 2 years of repairs
09 22 1789 The US Post Office was established.
09 22 1863 President Lincoln makes his Emancipation Proclamation speech.
09 22 1893 1st auto built in US (by Duryea brothers) runs in Springfield
09 22 1903 Italo Marchiony granted a patent for the ice cream cone
09 22 1980 War between Iran and Iraq begins, lasts eight years. No winner.
09 23 1779 Naval engagement between 'Bonhomme Richard' and 'HMS Serepis'.
09 23 1780 John Andre reveals Benedict Arnold's plot to betray West Point.
09 23 1846 Johann Galle & Heinrich d'Arrest find Neptune
09 23 1912 First Mack Sennett "Keystone Comedy" movie is released.
09 23 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formed, (National Day)
09 23 1952 First closed circuit pay-TV telecast of a sports event.
09 23 1952 Richard Nixon makes his "Checker's" speech
09 23 1973 Largest known prime, 2 ^ 132,049 - 1, is calculated.
09 24 1789 Congress creates the Post Office.
09 24 1845 1st baseball team is organized.
09 24 1852 A new invention, the dirigible, is demonstrated.
09 24 1853 1st round-the-world trip by yacht (Cornelius Vanderbilt).
09 24 1869 Black Friday: crashing gold prices causes stock market panic.
09 24 1895 1st round-the-world trip by a woman on a bicycle (took 15 months
09 24 1929 Lt James H Doolittle guided a Consolidated N-Y-2 Biplane over Mitchell Field in NY in the 1st all-instrument flight
09 24 1934 Babe Ruth makes his farewell appearance as a baseball player
09 24 1941 Nine Allied govts pledged adherence to the Atlantic Charter
09 24 1954 "The Tonight Show" premieres.
09 24 1957 Eisenhower orders US troops to desegregate Little Rock schools
09 24 1960 USS Enterprise, 1st nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, launched
09 24 1963 Senate ratifies treaty with Britain & USSR limit nuclear testing
09 24 1979 CompuServe system starts, first public computer info service.
09 25 1493 Columbus sails on his second voyage to America
09 25 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean
09 25 1639 First printing press in America goes to work.
09 25 1789 Congress proposes the Bill of Rights.
09 25 1890 Congress establishes Yosemite National Park.
09 25 1926 Henry Ford announces the five day work week
09 25 1956 First transatlantic telephone cable goes into operation
09 25 1973 3-man crew of Skylab II make safe splashdown after 59 days.
09 26 1542 Cabrillo discovers California
09 26 1687 Parthenon destroyed in war between Turks & Venetians
09 26 1789 Jefferson appointed 1st Sec of State; John Jay 1st chief justice; Samuel Osgood 1st Postmaster & Edmund J Randolph 1st Attorney Gen
09 26 1824 Kapiolani defies Pele (Hawaiian volcano goddess) and lives.
09 26 1896 John Philip Sousa's Band's first performance in Plainfield, NJ
09 26 1914 Federal Trade Commission formed to regulate interstate commerce
09 26 1950 UN troops in Korean War recaptured South Korean capital of Seoul
09 26 1966 Japan launches its 1st satellite in to space
09 26 1966 The Staten Island is 1st icebreaker to enter SF bay
09 26 1983 Australia II wins The America's Cup yacht race
09 26 1983 Cosmonauts Titov & Strekalov are saved from exploding Soyuz T-10
09 27 1540 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola
09 27 1787 Constitution submitted to the states for ratification
09 27 1825 Railroad transportation is born with 1st track in England.
09 27 1941 First WWII liberty ship, freighter Patrick Henry, is launched
09 27 1964 Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. Ha!
09 27 1973 Soyuz 12 launched
09 28 1066 William the Conqueror landed in England
09 28 1542 Juan Cabrillo discovers California, at San Diego Bay.
09 28 1781 Siege of Yorktown begins, last battle of the Revolutionary War
09 28 1858 Donati's comet becomes the 1st to be photographed
09 28 1920 Baseball's biggest scandal, grand jury indicts 8 White Sox for throwing the 1919 World Series with the Cincinnati Reds
09 28 1924 2 US Army planes completed 1st around the world flight
09 28 1965 Jack McKay in X-15 reaches 90 km
09 28 1970 Anwar Sadat replaces Nassar as President of Egypt
09 29 1829 Scotland Yard formed in London
09 29 1859 Spectacular auroral display visible over most of the US
09 29 1923 Steinhart Aquarium in Golden Gate Park opens to public.
09 29 1977 Soviet space station Salyut 6 launched into earth orbit
09 30 1452 1st book published, Johann Guttenberg's Bible
09 30 1659 Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked (according to Defoe)
09 30 1781 siege of Yorktown begins
09 30 1846 William Morris 1st tooth extraction under anesthetics Charlestown
09 30 1880 Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula
09 30 1898 City of New York is established
09 30 1939 1st manned rocket flight (by auto maker Fritz von Opel)
09 30 1967 USSR's Kosmos 186 & 188 complete the 1st automatic docking
09 30 1967 Palace of Fine Arts reopens (1st time during 1915 exposition)
10 01 0331 BC Alexander of Macedon defeats Persian army at Gaugamela
10 01 1869 1st postcards are issued in Vienna.
10 01 1896 Yosemite becomes a National Park.
10 01 1903 1st World Series starts between the National & American Leagues
10 01 1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T car.
10 01 1940 Pennsylvania Turnpike, pioneer toll thruway, opens.
10 01 1949 People's Republic of China proclaimed (National Day)
10 01 1952 first Ultra High Frequency (UHF) TV station, in Portland, Oregon
10 01 1958 Vanguard Project transferred from military to NASA
10 01 1960 Nigeria gains its independence.
10 01 1962 Johnny Carson's Tonight Show and The Lucy Show both premier.
10 01 1962 National Radio Astronomy Observatory gets a 300' radio telescope
10 01 1964 Cable Cars declared a National Landmark.
10 01 1971 Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida opens.
10 01 1979 US returns Canal Zone, not the canal, to Panama after 75 years.
10 02 1608 Hans Lippershey offers the Dutch a new invention - the telescope
10 02 1836 Darwin returns to England aboard the HMS Beagle.
10 02 1870 Italy annexes Rome & the Papal States; Rome made Italian capital
10 02 1889 first Pan American conference.
10 02 1935 NY Hayden Planetarium, the 4th in the US, opens
10 02 1936 first alcohol power plant established, Atchison, Kansas
10 02 1942 first self-sustaining nuclear reaction demonstrated, in Chicago.
10 02 1950 The comic strip 'Peanuts' first appears, in nine newspapers.
10 02 1958 Guinea gains its independence.
10 02 1967 Thurgood Marshall is sworn as first black Supreme Court Justice
10 03 1789 Washington proclaims the 1st national Thanksgiving Day on Nov 26
10 03 1863 Lincoln designates the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving
10 03 1913 Federal Income Tax is signed into law (at 1%).
10 03 1932 Iraq gains full independence from Britain
10 03 1942 Launch of the first A-4 (V-2) rocket to altitude of 53 miles
10 03 1947 first 200 inch telescope lens is completed.
10 03 1955 Captain Kangaroo premieres. Good Morning, Captain!
10 03 1960 San Francisco's White House department store is first to accept the BankAmericard in lieu of cash.
10 03 1962 Wally Schirra in Sigma 7 launched into earth orbit
10 03 1967 AF pilot Pete Knight flies the X-15 to a record 4,534 MPH.
10 04 1636 first code of law for Plymouth Colony
10 04 1824 Mexico becomes a republic
10 04 1926 The dahlia is officially designated as the SF City Flower.
10 04 1957 USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite.
10 04 1958 Transatlantic jet passenger service begins
10 04 1959 USSR's Luna 3 sends back first photos of Moon's far side
10 04 1960 Courier 1B Launched: first active repeater satellite in orbit
10 04 1966 Lesotho (Basutoland) gains independence from Britain
10 04 1985 21st Space Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 1 is launched
10 05 1908 Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey
10 05 1910 Portugal overthrows monarchy, proclaims republic
10 05 1921 first radio broadcast of the World Series.
10 05 1923 Edwin Hubble identifies the first Cepheid variable star
10 05 1931 first nonstop transpacific flight, Japan to Washington state
10 05 1970 PBS becomes a network. TV worth watching.
10 05 1982 Unmanned rocket sled reaches 9,851 kph at White Sands, N. Mexico
10 05 1984 Challenger carries first Canadian, Marc Garneau, into orbit.
10 06 1889 Thomas Edison shows his first motion picture.
10 06 1927 "The Jazz Singer", 1st movie with a sound track, premieres.
10 06 1959 Soviet Luna 3, first successful photo spacecraft, impacts moon.
10 06 1973 Egypt and Syria invade Israel - The Yom Kippur war
10 07 1571 Turkish fleet defeated by Spanish & Italians in Battle of Lepanto
10 07 1765 The Stamp Act Congress convenes in New York
10 07 1777 British defeated by Americans at the Battle of Saratoga
10 07 1826 Granite Railway (1st chartered railway in US) begins operations
10 07 1931 first infra-red photographis taken, in Rochester, NY
10 07 1949 Democratic Republic of Germany (East) is formed.
10 07 1959 Luna 3 photographs the far side of the moon.
10 07 1968 Motion Picture Association of America adopts film rating system.
10 08 1604 The supernova called "Kepler's nova" is first sighted.
10 08 1871 The Great Fire destroys over 4 square miles of Chicago.
10 08 1896 Dow Jones starts reporting an average of industrial stocks
10 08 1933 San Francisco's Coit Tower is dedicated to firefighters.
10 08 1935 Ozzie & Harriet Nelson are married.
10 08 1970 Alexander Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
10 09 1000 Leif Ericson discovers "Vinland" (possibly New England)
10 09 1635 Religious dissident Roger Williams banished from Mass Bay Colony
10 09 1776 Mission Delores is founded by San Francisco Bay.
10 09 1888 Public admitted to Washington Monument.
10 09 1936 Hoover Dam begins transmitting electricity to Los Angeles
10 09 1962 Uganda gains independence from Britain (National Day).
10 09 1975 Andrei Sakharov wins the Nobel Peace Prize
10 10 1845 US Naval academy opens at Annapolis, Maryland
10 10 1846 Neptune's moon Triton discovered by William Lassell
10 10 1911 The Manchu Dynasty is overthrown in China.
10 10 1933 first synthetic detergent for home use marketed
10 10 1963 Nuclear Atmospheric Test Ban treaty is signed by US, UK, USSR.
10 10 1964 18th Summer Olympic Games opened in Tokyo.
10 10 1970 Fiji gains independence from Britain (National Day).
10 10 1973 VP Spiro T. Agnew pleads no contest to tax evasion & resigns.
10 10 1975 Israel formally signs Sinai accord with Egypt
10 10 1980 Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope network dedicated.
10 10 1985 US jets force Egyptian plane carrying hijackers of Italian ship Achille Lauro to land in Italy. Gunmen are placed in custody.
10 11 1797 British naval forces defeat Dutch off Camperdown, Netherlands
10 11 1811 "Juliana", the first steam-powered ferryboat, begins operation.
10 11 1890 Daughters of the American Revolution founded.
10 11 1958 Pioneer 1 launched; first spacecraft launched by NASA
10 11 1968 Apollo 7 launched, first of the manned Apollo missions.
10 11 1969 Soyuz 6 launched; Soyuz 7 & 8 follow in next two days.
10 11 1980 Cosmonauts Popov & Ryumin set space endurance record of 184 days
10 11 1984 Kathy Sullivan becomes first American woman to walk in space.
10 11 1987 200,000 gays march for civil rights in Washington.
10 12 1492 Columbus arrives in the Bahamas; the real Columbus Day.
10 12 1957 first commercial flight between California and Antartica.
10 12 1960 Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe at UN General Assembly session.
10 12 1963 Archaeological dig begins at Masada, Israel
10 12 1964 USSR launches first 3-man crew into space
10 12 1968 Equatorial Guinea gains independence from Spain.
10 12 1972 Mariner 9 takes pictures of the Martian north pole. No Santa.
10 12 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War get the Nobel Peace Prize.
10 13 1775 Continental Congress establishes a navy
10 13 1792 George Washington lays the cornerstone of the Executive Mansion
10 13 1969 Soyuz 8 is launched
10 13 1985 13th Space Shuttle Mission - Challenger 6 is launched
10 13 1987 1st military use of trained dolphins, by US Navy in Persian Gulf.
10 14 1066 Battle of Hastings, in which William the Conqueror wins England
10 14 1774 1st declaration of colonial rights in America.
10 14 1947 Chuck Yeager makes 1st supersonic flight, Mach 1.015 at 12,800m.
10 15 1860 Grace Bedell writes to Lincoln, tells him to grow a beard.
10 15 1914 ASCAP founded (American Soc of Composers, Authors & Publishers)
10 15 1964 Kosygin & Brezhnev replace Soviet premier Nikita Krushchev
10 16 1846 Dentist William T. Morton demonstrates the effectiveness of ether
10 16 1859 John Brown attacks the armory at Harper's Ferry.
10 16 1869 A hotel in Boston becomes the 1st to have indoor plumbing.
10 16 1916 Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic, in New York.
10 16 1962 Cuban missile crisis begins: JFK learns of missiles in Cuba.
10 16 1964 Brezhnev & Kosygin replace Krushchev as head of Russia
10 16 1964 China becomes world's 5th nuclear power
10 16 1970 Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt, succeeds Gamal Nassar.
10 16 1973 Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Tho jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize
10 16 1978 Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla elected supreme pontiff-John Paul I
10 16 1982 Mt Palomar Observatory 1st to detect Halley's comet 13th return
10 16 1982 Shultz warns US will withdraw from UN if it excludes Israel.
10 16 1985 Intel introduces 32-bit 80386 microcomputer chip.
10 17 1492 Columbus sights the isle of San Salvador.
10 17 1777 British General John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, NY
10 17 1781 Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown.
10 17 1919 the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), is created.
10 17 1931 Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion.
10 17 1933 Albert Einstein arrives in the US, a refugee from Nazi Germany.
10 17 1941 1st American destroyer torpedoed in WW II, USS Kearny off Iceland
10 17 1973 The Arab oil embargo begins. It will last until March, 1974.
10 17 1977 West German commandos storm hijacked Lufthansa plane in Mogadishu Somalia, freeing 86 hostages & kill three of the four hijackers.
10 17 1979 Mother Teresa of India was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
10 17 1989 Destructive 7.1 earthquake strikes Northern California.
10 18 1685 Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism.
10 18 1867 US takes formal possession of Alaska from Russia ($7.2 million).
10 18 1869 The United States take possession of Alaska.
10 18 1873 The Ivy League establishes rules for college football.
10 18 1892 1st commercial long-distance phone line opens (Chicago - NYC)
10 18 1922 British Broadcasting Corporation, the BBC, is established.
10 18 1962 Watson of US, Crick & Wilkins of Britain win Nobel Prize for Medicine for work in determining the structure of DNA.
10 18 1967 Soviet Venera 4 is the first probe to send data back from Venus
10 18 1968 US Olympic Committee suspended Tommie Smith & John Carlos, for giving `black power' salute as a protest during victory ceremony
10 18 1968 Robert Beaman of US broad jumps a record 8.90 m. Still stands.
10 19 1781 Cornwallis surrenders at 2PM, the fighting is over.
10 19 1845 Wagner's opera Tannh„user performed for the first time.
10 19 1879 Thomas A. Edison successfully demenstrates the electric light
10 19 1967 Mariner 5 flies by Venus
10 19 1968 Golden Gate Bridge charges tolls only for southbound cars.
10 20 1600 Battle of Sekigahara, which established the Tokugawa clan as rulers of Japan (SHOGUN) until 1865 (basis of Clavell's novel).
10 20 1740 Maria Theresa becomes ruler of Austria, Hungary & Bohemia
10 20 1803 the Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
10 20 1818 US & Britain agree to joint control of Oregon country.
10 20 1820 Spain gives Florida to the United States.
10 20 1906 Dr Lee DeForest gives a demonstration of his radio tube.
10 20 1944 MacArthur returns to the Phillipines, says "I have returned."
10 20 1979 John F. Kennedy Library dedicated in Boston.
10 21 1797 US Navy frigate Constitution, Old Ironsides, launched in Boston
10 21 1805 Battle of Trafalgar, where Nelson established British naval supremacy for the next century.
10 21 1868 Severe earthquake at 7:53AM.
10 21 1879 Thomas Edison commercially perfects the light bulb.
10 21 1897 Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago is dedicated.
10 21 1918 Margaret Owen sets world typing speed record of 170 wpm for 1 min
10 21 1923 Deutsches Museum, Walther Bauersfeld's first Zeiss Planetarium.
10 21 1945 Women in France allowed to vote for the first time
10 21 1975 Venera 9, 1st craft to orbit the planet Venus launched
10 21 1976 Saul Bellow wins Nobel Prize for Literature
10 21 1977 US recalls William Bowdler, ambassador to South Africa
10 22 1746 Princeton University in New Jersey received its charter.
10 22 1797 Andr‚-Jacques Garnerin makes 1st parachute jump from balloon
10 22 1836 Sam Houston inaugurated as 1st elected pres of Republic of Texas
10 22 1953 Laos gains full independence from France.
10 22 1962 Pacific Science Center opens at Seattle Center.
10 22 1962 JFK imposes naval blockade on Cuba, beginning missile crisis.
10 22 1975 Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 lands on Venus
10 22 1981 US National debt topped $1 TRILLION (nothing to celebrate).
10 22 1981 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization is decertified.
10 22 4004 B.C. Universe created at 8:00 PM, according to the 1650 pronouncement of Anglican archbishop James Ussher.
10 23 1910 Blanche Scott becomes first woman solo a public airplane flight
10 23 1915 25,000 women march in New York, demanding the right to vote
10 23 1941 Walt Disney's "Dumbo" is released
10 23 1946 UN Gen Assembly convenes in NY for 1st time in Flushing Meadow.
10 23 1956 The ill-fated revolt in Communist Hungary starts, later crushed by Soviet tanks.
10 23 1958 Soviet novelist Boris Pasternak, wins Nobel Prize for Literature
10 23 1977 By 2/3 majority, Panamanians vote to approve a new Canal Treaty
10 23 1980 Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin resigns, due to illness.
10 24 1836 the match is patented.
10 24 1851 William Lassell discovers Ariel & Umbriel, satellites of Unranus.
10 24 1901 Anna Taylor, first to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel & live
10 24 1929 "Black Thursday," the beginning of the stock market crash.
10 24 1945 United Nations Charter goes into effect.
10 24 1964 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) gains independence from Britain
10 24 1973 Yom Kippur War ends, Israel 65 miles from Cairo, 26 from Damascus
10 25 1415 Battle of Agincourt, Welsh longbow defeats the armored knight
10 25 1671 Giovanni Cassini discovers Iapetus, satellite of Saturn.
10 25 1675 Iapetus, moon of Saturn, Discovered by Giovanni Cassini
10 25 1825 Erie Canal opens for business in New York.
10 25 1854 The Light Brigade charges (Battle of Balaklava) (Crimean War)
10 25 1903 Senate begins investigating Teapot Dome scandals of Harding admin
10 25 1960 first electronic wrist watch placed on sale, New York
10 25 1971 UN General Assembly admits Mainland China & expels Taiwan.
10 25 1971 Roy Disney dedicates Walt Disney World
10 25 1975 USSR Venera 10 made day Venus landing
10 25 1983 US invades Grenada, a country of 1/2000 its population.
10 26 1825 Erie Canal between Hudson River & Lake Erie opened
10 26 1861 Telegraph service inaugurated in US (end of Pony Express).
10 26 1863 Soccer rules standardized; rugby starts as a separate game.
10 26 1881 Shootout at the OK corral, in Tombstone, Arizona.
10 26 1903 "Yerba Buena" is 1st Key System ferry to cross San Francisco Bay.
10 26 1949 Pres Truman increases minimum wage - from 40 cents to 75 cents.
10 26 1956 International Atomic Energy Agency established.
10 26 1957 Vatican Radio begins broadcasting
10 26 1958 PanAm flies the first transatlantic jet trip: New York to Paris.
10 26 1968 Soyuz 3 is launched
10 26 1970 the "Doonesbury" comic strip debuts in 28 newspapers
10 26 1972 Guided tours of Alcatraz (by Park Service) begin.
10 26 1979 St. Vincent & the Grenadines gains independence from Britain.
10 26 1984 "Baby Fae" gets a baboon heart in an experimental transplant in Loma Linda, CA. She will live for 21 days with the animal heart.
10 27 1787 The 'Federalist' letters started appearing in NY newspapers.
10 27 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo, provides free navigation of Mississippi
10 27 1858 RH Macy & Co. opens 1st store, on 6th Avenue, New York City.
10 27 1896 1st Pali Road completed in Hawaii (the Pali is a cliff where the winds are so strong streams flow UP! Honest!).
10 27 1938 DuPont announces its new synthetic fiber will be called 'nylon'
10 27 1961 first Saturn makes an unmanned flight test
10 27 1971 Republic of the Congo becomes Zaire.
10 27 1972 Golden Gate National Recreation Area created.
10 27 1978 Menachim Begin & Anwar Sadat win the Nobel Peace Prize
10 28 1492 Columbus discovers Cuba.
10 28 1636 Harvard University founded.
10 28 1793 Eli Whitney applies for patent for the cotton gin.
10 28 1886 Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.
10 28 1904 St. Louis Police try a new investigation method - fingerprints.
10 28 1918 Czechoslovakia declares independence from Austria.
10 28 1919 Volstead Act passed by Congress, starting Prohibition.
10 28 1922 Benito Mussolini takes control of Italy's government.
10 28 1962 Krushchev orders withdrawal of Cuban missiles
10 28 1965 Pope Paul VI says Jews not collectively guilty for crucifixion.
10 28 1965 Gateway Arch (190 meters high) completed in St. Louis, Missouri.
10 28 1970 US/USSR signed an agreement to discuss joint space efforts
10 28 1971 England becomes 6th nation to have a satellite (Prospero) in orbi
10 29 0539 BC Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great of Persia.
10 29 1682 Pennsylvania granted to William Penn by King Charles II.
10 29 1727 a severe earthquake strikes New England.
10 29 1833 1st College Fraternity founded.
10 29 1863 International Committee of the Red Cross founded: It has been awarded Nobel Prizes in 1917, 1944 and 1963.
10 29 1863 Intl Comm. of the Red Cross founded (Nobel 1917, 1944, 1963).
10 29 1923 Turkey is proclaimed to have a republican government.
10 29 1929 "Black Tuesday", the Stock Market crash.
10 29 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition closes (1st closure).
10 29 1956 "Goodnight, David" "Goodnight, Chet" heard on NBC for 1st time. (Chet Huntley & David Brinkley, team up on NBC News).
10 30 1270 the 8th and last crusade is launched.
10 30 1864 Helena, capital of Montana, founded.
10 30 1905 Tsar Nicholas II grants Russia a constitution.
10 30 1938 Orson Welles panics nation with broadcast: "War of the Worlds"
10 30 1945 US govt announces end of shoe rationing.
10 30 1953 General George C. Marshall is awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
10 30 1953 Dr. Albert Schweitzer receives Nobel Peace Prize for 1952.
10 30 1961 Soviet Union detonates a 58 megaton hydrogen bomb
10 30 1961 Soviet Party Congress unanimously approves a resolution removing Josef Stalin's body from Lenin's tomb in Red Square.
10 30 1967 USSR Kosmos 186 & 188 make 1st automatic docking
10 30 1978 Laura Nickel & Curt Noll find 25th Mersenne prime, 2 ^ 21701 - 1.
10 30 1985 space shuttle Challenger carries 8 crewmen (2 Germans, 1 Dutch).
10 31 1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses, begins Protestant Reformation
10 31 1864 Nevada admitted as 36th state.
10 31 1922 Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) becomes premier of Italy.
10 31 1952 first thermonuclear bomb detonated - Marshall Islands
10 31 1959 Lee Harvey Oswald announces in Moscow he will never return to US
11 01 1870 US Weather Bureau begins operations.
11 01 1943 WW II Dimout ban lifted in San Francisco Bay area.
11 01 1952 first hydrogen bomb exploded at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific.
11 01 1981 First Class Mail raised from 18 to 20 cents.
11 02 1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement
11 02 1920 KDKA (Pittsburgh) on the air as 1st commercial radio station.
11 02 1947 Howard Hughes' Spruce Goose flies for 1st (& last) time.
11 02 1948 Truman beats Dewey, confounding pollsters and newspapers.
11 03 1620 Great Patent granted to Plymouth Colony
11 03 1903 Panama gains its independence from Columbia.
11 03 1917 First Class Mail now costs 3 cents.
11 03 1952 Charles Birdseye markets frozen peas.
11 03 1956 the Wizard of Oz is first televised.
11 03 1957 USSR launches the dog "Laika": the first animal in orbit
11 03 1973 Mariner 10 launched-first Venus pics, first mission to Mercury
11 03 1978 UK grants Dominica independence (National Day)
11 03 1979 63 Americans taken hostage at American Embassy in Teheran, Iran
11 03 1986 Lebanese magazine Ash Shirra reveals secret US arms sales to Iran
11 04 1854 Lighthouse established on Alcatraz Island
11 04 1922 Howard Carter discovers the tomb of Tutankhamen.
11 04 1924 1st woman governor in US elected in Wyoming.
11 04 1984 Nicaragua holds 1st free elections in 56 years; Sandinistas win 63%
11 05 1605 Plot to blow up British parliment fails - first Guy Fawkes day
11 05 1781 John Hanson elected 1st "President of the United States in Congress assembled" (8 years before Washington was elected).
11 05 1875 Susan B Anthony is arrested for attempting to vote
11 05 1895 1st US patent granted for the automobile, to George B Selden
11 05 1967 ATS-3 launched by US to take 1st pictures of full Earth disc
11 06 1844 Spain grants Dominican Rep independence
11 06 1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president.
11 06 1862 1st Direct Telegraphic link between New York and San Francisco
11 06 1869 1st intercollegiate football game played (Rutgers 6, Princeton 4
11 06 1917 the Russian Bolshevik revolution begins.
11 06 1939 WGY-TV (Schenectady NY), 1st commercial-license station begins
11 06 1962 Nixon tells press he won't be available to kick around any more
11 07 1805 Lewis and Clark first sighted the Pacific Ocean.
11 07 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, gave Harrison a presidential slogan.
11 07 1872 Mary Celeste sails from NY to Genoa; found abandoned 4 weeks later
11 07 1875 Verney Cameron is 1st European to cross equitorial Africa from sea to sea.
11 07 1885 Canada completes its own transcontinental railway.
11 07 1917 October Revolution overthrows Russian Provisional Government
11 07 1918 Goddard demonstrates tube-launched solid propellant rocket
11 07 1983 Bomb explodes in US Capitol, causing heavy damage but no injuries
11 08 1793 The Louvre, in Paris, is opened to the public.
11 08 1889 Montana admitted as 41st state
11 08 1895 Wilhelm R”ntgen discovers x-rays
11 08 1923 Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" failed, In jail, writes "Mein Kampf"
11 08 1939 Life with Father, opens on Broadway, closes in 1947, a record.
11 08 1984 14th Space Shuttle Mission - Discovery 2 is launched
11 09 1799 Napoleon becomes dictator (1st consul) of France
11 09 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox ending the US Civil War.
11 09 1953 Cambodia (now Kampuchea) gains independence within French Union
11 09 1965 at 5:16pm, a massive power failure blacks out New Engl. & Ontario
11 09 1967 first unmanned Saturn V flight to test Apollo 4 reentry module
11 10 1775 US Marine Corps established by Congress
11 10 1801 Kentucky outlaws dueling
11 10 1864 Austrian Archduke Maximilian became emperor of Mexico
11 10 1871 Stanley presumes to meet Livingston in Ujiji, Central Africa.
11 10 1891 1st Woman's Christian Temperance Union meeting held (in Boston)
11 10 1945 Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald is liberated by US troops.
11 10 1951 1st Long Distance telephone call without operator assistance.
11 10 1968 USSR launches Zond 6 to moon
11 10 1969 Sesame Street premiers
11 10 1970 Luna 17, with unmanned self-propelled Lunokhod 1, is launched
11 10 1975 Ore ship Edmund Fitzgerald lost in a storm on Lake Superior
11 10 1980 Voyager I flies past Saturn, sees many rings, moons.
11 11 1620 41 Pilgrims sign a compact aboard the Mayflower
11 11 1889 Washington admitted as the 42nd state.
11 11 1918 Armistice Day -- WW I ends (at 11AM on the Western Front)
11 11 1921 President Harding dedicates the Tomb of The Unknown Soldier.
11 11 1924 Palace of Legion of Honor in San Francisco is dedicated.
11 11 1939 Kate Smith first sings Irving Berlin's "God Bless America"
11 11 1965 Rhodesia proclaimes independence from Britain
11 11 1966 Gemini 12 is launched on a four day flight.
11 11 1975 Portugal grants independence to Angola (National Day).
11 11 1980 Crew of Soyuz 35 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 37
11 11 1982 Space Shuttle 'Columbia' makes the first commercial flight.
11 11 1987 Van Gogh's "Irises" sells for record $53.6 million at auction
11 12 1918 Austria becomes a republic
11 12 1927 Trotsky expelled from Soviet CP; Stalin is now total dictator.
11 12 1933 first known photo of Loch Ness monster (or whatever) is taken
11 12 1936 Oakland Bay Bridge opened.
11 12 1946 First "autobank" (banking by car) was established, in Chicago
11 12 1954 Ellis Island, immigration station in NY Harbor, closed
11 12 1965 Venera 2 launched by Soviet Union toward Venus
11 12 1965 Venera 2 launched by Soviet Union toward Venus
11 12 1980 US space probe Voyager I comes within 77,000 miles of Saturn
11 12 1981 First time a spacecraft is launched twice -- the Space Shuttle "Columbia" lifts off again.
11 12 1981 first balloon crossing of Pacific completed (Double Eagle V)
11 12 1984 Space shuttle astronauts snare a satellite: first space salvage.
11 13 1849 Peter Burnett is elected 1st governor of California.
11 13 1921 The Sheik, starring Rudolph Valentino, was released.
11 13 1937 NBC forms first full symphony orchestra exclusively for radio.
11 13 1940 Walt Disney's "Fantasia" is released
11 13 1956 Supreme Court strikes down segregation on public buses.
11 13 1971 Mariner 9, is the first space ship to orbit another planet, Mars.
11 13 1982 Vietnam War Memorial dedicated in Washington DC
11 14 1666 Samuel Pepys reports the first blood transfusion (between dogs)
11 14 1792 George Vancouver is first Englishman to enter San Francisco Bay
11 14 1832 first streetcar appears, in New York
11 14 1851 "Moby Dick", by Herman Melville, is published.
11 14 1889 Nellie Bly beats Phineas Fogg's time for a trip around the world by 8 days (72 days).
11 14 1910 1st airplane flight from the deck of a ship.
11 14 1922 BBC begins domestic radio service
11 14 1935 FDR proclaimes the Phillippines are a free commonwealth.
11 14 1959 Kilauea's most spectacular eruption (in Hawaii).
11 14 1969 Apollo 12 is launched
11 15 1777 Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation
11 15 1869 Free Postal Delivery formally inaugurated.
11 15 1881 American Federation of Labor (AFL) is founded in Pittsburgh
11 15 1920 League of Nations holds 1st meeting, in Geneva
11 15 1926 National Broadcasting Company goes on-the-air, with 24 stations
11 15 1939 Social Security Administration approves 1st unemployment check.
11 15 1949 KRON (Channel 4, San Francisco) signs on, from 7 to 10 PM.
11 16 1532 Pizarro seizes Incan emperor Atahualpa
11 16 1864 Sherman begins his march to sea thru Georgia
11 16 1907 Oklahoma becomes the 46th state
11 16 1933 Roosevelt establishes diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
11 16 1965 Venera 3 launched, 1st land on another planet (Crashes on Venus)
11 16 1973 Skylab 4 launched into earth orbit. Look out Australia!
11 17 1558 Elizabeth I ascends English throne upon death of Queen Mary
11 17 1800 Congress convened for its 1st Washington, DC session.
11 17 1869 Suez Canal opens.
11 17 1913 Panama Canal opens for use.
11 17 1970 Russia lands unmanned remote-controlled vehicle on Moon
11 17 1977 Egyptian President Sadat accepts an invitation to visit Israel.
11 18 1497 Bartolomeu Dias discovers Cape of Good Hope
11 18 1820 Antarctica discovered by US Navy Captain Nathaniel B. Palmer.
11 18 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, gave US canal rights thru Panama
11 18 1913 Lincoln Deachey performs the first airplane loop-the-loop
11 18 1918 Latvia declares independence from Russia
11 18 1928 Mickey Mouse debuts in New York in "Steamboat Willy"
11 18 1936 Main span of the Golden Gate Bridge is joined.
11 19 1493 Christopher Columbus discovers Puerto Rico.
11 19 1620 Mayflower pilgrims reach Cape Cod
11 19 1863 Lincoln delivers his famous address in Gettysburg. Expecting a long speech, the photographer wasn't ready before Lincoln left.
11 19 1895 The pencil is invented.
11 19 1919 Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations rejected by US Senate
11 19 1959 Ford cancels Edsel
11 19 1970 Golden Gate Park Conservatory becomes a State Historical Landmark
11 19 1977 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat arrives in Israel.
11 20 1789 New Jersey becomes the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
11 20 1888 William Bundy invents the first timecard clock.
11 20 1910 Revolution breaks out in Mexico, led by Francisco Madero.
11 20 1914 The State Department starts requiring photographs for passports
11 20 1931 Commercial teletype service began
11 20 1947 Britain's Princess Elizabeth, marries Duke Philip Mountbatten
11 20 1953 first airplane to exceed 1300 mph - Scott Crossfield.
11 20 1977 Egyptian Pres Sadat is 1st Arab leader to address Israel Knesset
11 20 1980 Steve Ptacek in Solar Challenger makes 1st solar-powered flight
11 20 1986 UN's WHO announces 1st global effort to combat AIDS.
11 21 1789 NC becomes 12th state
11 21 1933 first US ambassador is sent to the USSR - WC Bullitt
11 21 1959 Jack Benny(Violin) & Richard Nixon(Piano) play their famed duet
11 21 1964 the world's longest suspension bridge, Verrazano Narrows, opens.
11 22 1906 The International Radio Telegraphic Convention adopts "SOS" as the new call for help.
11 22 1943 Lebanon gains its independence (would that it could keep it)
11 22 1963 President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas.
11 23 1852 Just past midnight an earthquake makes Lake Merced drop 30 feet
11 23 1863 Patent granted for a process of making color photographs.
11 23 1948 Lens to provide zoom effects patented - FG Back
11 23 1948 a patent is granted for the first zoom lens to F.G. Back
11 24 1759 Destructive eruption of Vesuvius
11 24 1874 Patent granted to Joseph Glidden for barbed wire.
11 24 1963 first live murder on TV - Jack Ruby shoots Lee Harvey Oswald.
11 24 1971 "D B Cooper" parachutes from a Northwest 727 with $200,000.
11 25 1783 Britain evacuate New York, their last military position in US
11 25 1866 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
11 25 1884 John B Meyenberg of St Louis patents evaporated milk
11 25 1960 first atomic reactor for research & development, Richland WA.
11 25 1975 Netherlands grants Surinam independence (National Day)
11 25 1983 Soyuz T-9 returns to Earth, 149 days after take-off
11 26 1716 first lion to be exhibited in America (Boston)
11 26 1778 Captain Cook discovers Maui (in the Sandwich Islands).
11 26 1789 first national celebration of Thanksgiving
11 26 1865 Alice in Wonderland is published
11 26 1949 India adopts a constitution as a British Commonwealth Republic
11 26 1965 France launches first satellite, a 92-pound A1 capsule
11 26 1966 first major tidal power plant opened at Rance estuary, France
11 26 1985 23rd Space Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 2 is launched
11 27 1095 Pope Urban II preaches for the First Crusade
11 27 1582 the first Advent Sunday
11 27 1895 Alfred Nobel establishes the Nobel Prize
11 27 1910 New York's Penn Station opens - world's largest railway terminal
11 27 1951 first rocket to intercept an airplane, White Sands, NM
11 27 1971 Soviet Mars 2, is the first to crash land on Mars.
11 27 1985 Space shuttle Atlantis carries the first Mexican astronaut.
11 28 1520 Magellan begins crossing the Pacific Ocean.
11 28 1895 America's auto race starts: 6 cars, 55 miles, winner avgd 7mph
11 28 1912 Albania declares independence from Turkey
11 28 1929 Admiral RE Byrd makes first flight over the South Pole
11 28 1960 Mauritania gains independence from France (National Day)
11 28 1964 Mariner 4 launched; first probe to fly by Mars
11 28 1983 9th Space Shuttle Mission - Columbia 6 is launched
11 28 1986 Reagan administration exceeds SALT II arms agreement for 1st time
11 29 1887 US receives rights to Pearl Harbor, on Oahu, Hawaii.
11 29 1890 1st Army-Navy football game. Score: Navy 25, Army 0.
11 29 1945 Yugoslav Republic Day is first proclamed.
11 29 1951 first underground atomic explosion, Frenchman Flat, Nevada
11 29 1961 Mercury 5 launches a chimp (Ham/Enos)
11 29 1975 Kilauea Volcano erupts in Hawaii
11 30 1939 USSR invades Finland over a border dispute
11 30 1954 first meteorite known to have struck a woman - Sylacauga Alabama
11 30 1958 first guided missile destroyer launched, the "Dewey", Bath, ME
11 30 1964 USSR launches Zond 2 towards Mars
11 30 1966 Barbados gains independence from Britain
11 30 1967 South Yemen (then Aden) gains independence from Britain
12 01 1640 Portugal becomes independent of Spain
12 01 1821 Santo Domingo (Dominican Rep) proclaims independence from Spain
12 01 1913 1st drive-up gasoline station opens, in Pittsburgh.
12 01 1917 Father Edward Flanagan founds Boys Town
12 01 1918 Iceland becomes independent state under the Danish crown
12 01 1922 first skywriting over the US: "Hello USA" by Capt Turner, RAF.
12 01 1929 Bingo invented by Edwin S Lowe
12 01 1951 Golden Gate Bridge closed because of high winds.
12 01 1958 Central African Republic established (National Day)
12 01 1959 first color photograph of Earth is received from outer space.
12 01 1967 Queen Elizabeth inaugurates 98-inch Isaac Newton Telescope
12 02 1804 Napoleon becomes the first French emperor, crowning himself.
12 02 1805 Napoleon defeats Russians & Austrians at Austerlitz
12 02 1816 1st savings bank in US opens as the Philadelphia Savings Fund
12 02 1823 President James Monroe declares his doctrine.
12 02 1942 1st controlled nuclear reaction at University of Chicago.
12 02 1957 first commercial atomic electric power plant goes to work in PA.
12 02 1971 Soviet Mars 3 is first to soft land on Mars
12 02 1975 Lao People's Democratic Republic founded (National Day)
12 02 1982 1st permanent artificial heart successfully implanted.
12 03 1621 Galileo invents the telescope.
12 03 1954 Joseph McCarthy goes too far in his attacks and is condemned by the U.S. Senate. Not well remembered.
12 03 1967 1st human heart transplant performed, in Capetown, South Africa
12 03 1973 Pioneer 10 passes Jupiter (first fly-by of an outer planet).
12 03 1985 23rd Shuttle Mission - Atlantis 2 returns to Earth
12 04 1783 Gen. Washington bids his officers farewell at Fraunce's Tavern,
12 04 1912 Roald Amundsen reaches South pole
12 04 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition opens.
12 04 1965 Gemini 7 launched with 2 astronauts
12 05 1492 Columbus discovers Hispaniola
12 05 1776 Phi Beta Kappa, 1st American scholastic fraternity, founded.
12 05 1978 Pioneer Venus 1 begins orbiting Venus
12 06 1492 Haiti discovered by Columbus
12 06 1534 Quito, Ecuador is founded by the Spanish
12 06 1631 first predicted transit of Venus is observed, by Kepler.
12 06 1882 Atmosphere of Venus detected during transit
12 06 1917 Finland gains its independence, from Russia.
12 06 1957 1st US attempt to launch a satellite - Vanguard rocket blows up.
12 07 1787 Delaware ratifies the Constitution, becomes the first state.
12 07 1842 the New York Philharmonic plays its first concert.
12 07 1941 first Japanese submarine sunk by American ship (USS Ward)
12 07 1941 Pearl Harbor is attacked ("A day that will live in infamy.")
12 07 1960 France grants the Ivory Coast independence (National Day)
12 07 1972 Apollo 17, last of the Apollo moon series, launched.
12 08 1931 Coaxial cable is patented
12 09 1792 the first cremation in the US
12 09 1793 Noah Webster establishes New York's 1st daily newspaper.
12 09 1907 1st Christmas Seals sold, in the Wilmington Post Office.
12 09 1961 Tanganyika gains independence from Britain
12 09 1978 Pioneer Venus 2 drops 5 probes into atmosphere of Venus
12 10 1520 Martin Luther publicly burns the papal edict demanding he recant.
12 10 1817 Mississippi becomes 20th state
12 10 1869 Women granted right to vote in Wyoming Territory
12 10 1898 Spanish-American War ends - US acquires Guam from Spain
12 10 1901 first Nobel Peace Prizes (to Jean Henri Dunant, Fr‚d‚ric Passy).
12 10 1906 Theodore Roosevelt (first American) awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
12 10 1920 President Woodrow Wilson receives Nobel Peace Prize.
12 10 1948 UN Genl Assembly adopts Universal Declaration on Human Rights
12 10 1950 Ralph J. Bunche (1st black American) presented Nobel Peace Prize
12 10 1963 Zanzibar gains independence from Britain
12 10 1975 A. Sakharov's wife Yelena Bonner, accepts his Nobel Peace Prize.
12 10 1982 Soyuz T-5 returns to Earth, 211 days after take-off
12 10 1986 Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel accepts 1986 Nobel Peace Prize
12 11 1816 Indiana becomes 19th state
12 11 1917 German-occupied Lithuania proclaims independence from Russia
12 11 1932 Snow falls in San Francisco.
12 11 1946 UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) established (Nobel 1965)
12 11 1958 Upper Volta (now Bourkina Fasso) gains autonomy from France
12 11 1975 First Class Mail now costs 13 cents (had been 10 cents).
12 12 1787 Pennsylvania becomes the 2nd state
12 12 1871 Jules Janssen discovers dark lines in solar corona spectrum
12 12 1901 Marconi receives 1st trans-Atlantic radio signal: England to US.
12 12 1937 the first mobile TV unit, in New York.
12 12 1963 Kenya gains its independence from Britain (National Day).
12 12 1964 Russia launches Voshkod I, 1st multi-crew in space (3 men)
12 13 1903 Wright brothers first airplane flight at Kittyhawk.
12 13 1918 Wilson becomes 1st to make a foreign visit while President.
12 13 1920 Interferometer used to measure 1st stellar diameter (Betelgeuse)
12 13 1974 Maltese Republic Day is declared.
12 13 1978 Susan B. Anthony dollar, 1st US coin to honor a woman, issued.
12 13 1981 Solidarity Day, in Poland.
12 14 1819 Alabama becomes 22nd state
12 14 1911 South Pole 1st reached by Amundsen.
12 14 1962 Mariner 2 makes 1st US visit to another planet (Venus)
12 15 1791 Bill of Rights ratified when Virginia gave its approval.
12 15 1859 G.R. Kirchoff describes chemical composition of sun
12 15 1877 Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
12 15 1939 the first commercial manufacture of nylon yarn.
12 15 1964 American Radio Relay League, is founded. Dit-Dah.
12 15 1965 first rendevous in space: Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 link up.
12 15 1971 USSR's Venera 7 becomes the first craft to land on Venus.
12 15 1984 USSR launches Vega 1 for rendezvous with Halley's Comet
12 16 1689 English Parlimnt adopts Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution
12 16 1773 Big Tea Party in Boston Harbor. Indians most welcome.
12 16 1893 Antonin Dvor k's New World Symphony premieres
12 16 1905 "Variety", covering all phases of show business, 1st published.
12 16 1907 Great White Fleet sails from Hampton Downs on its World Cruise
12 16 1965 Gemini VI returns to Earth
12 17 1538 Pope Paul III excommunicates England's King Henry VIII
12 17 1777 France recognizes independance of the 13 colonies in America.
12 17 1790 an Aztec calendar stone is discovered in Mexico City.
12 17 1791 New York City traffic regulation creates the 1st one-way street
12 17 1843 Charles Dickens's classic, "A Christmas Carol" is published.
12 17 1903 1st sustained motorized air flight at 10:35AM, for 12 seconds, by the Wright Brothers (of course).
12 17 1933 1st professional football game: Chicago Bears vs. NY Giants.
12 17 1969 Tiny Tim and Miss Vicki are married on network television in front of 50 million underwhelmed viewers.
12 17 1979 Budweiser rocket car hits 1190 kph (record for wheeled vehicle)
12 18 1787 New Jersey becomes the 3rd state
12 18 1849 William Bond takes first photograph of moon through a telescope
12 18 1865 13th Amendment ratified, slavery abolished
12 18 1958 first voice from space: Christmas message by Eisenhower
12 18 1958 Niger gains autonomy within French Community (National Day)
12 18 1961 India annexes Portuguese colonies of Goa, Damao & Diu
12 18 1965 Borman & Lovell splash down, ending 2 week Gemini VII orbit.
12 18 1969 Britain abolishes the death penalty
12 18 1985 UN Security Council unanimously condemns acts of hostage-taking
12 19 1686 Robinson Crusoe leaves his island after 28 years (as per Defoe)
12 19 1732 Benjamin Frankin begins publication of "Poor Richard's Almanack"
12 19 1777 Washington settles his troops at Valley Forge for the winter.
12 19 1842 US recognizes the independence of Hawaii
12 19 1889 Bishop Museum founded in Hawaii.
12 19 1932 the BBC begins transmitting overseas.
12 19 1946 War breaks out in Indochina as Ho Chi Minh attacks the French.
12 19 1971 NASA launches Intelsat 4 F-3 for COMSAT Corp
12 19 1986 USSR frees dissident Andrei Sakharov from internal exile
12 20 1606 Virginia Company settlers leave London to establish Jamestown
12 20 1699 Peter the Great orders Russian New Year changed: Sept 1 to Jan 1
12 20 1790 first successful US cotton mill, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
12 20 1803 Louisiana Purchase officially transferred from France to the US.
12 20 1820 Missouri imposes a $1 bachelor tax on unmarried men from 21-50
12 20 1860 South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the union.
12 20 1892 the pneumatic automobile tire is patented
12 20 1892 Phileas Fogg completes around world trip, according to Verne
12 20 1919 Canadian National Railways established (longest on continent with more than 50,000 kilometers of track in US & Canada)
12 20 1922 14 states form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
12 20 1939 Radio Australia starts shortwave service
12 21 1620 The pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock.
12 21 1913 1st crossword puzzle (with 32 clues), printed in New York World
12 21 1937 the first feature-length cartoon with color and sound premieres, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Still one of the best.
12 21 1968 Apollo 8 (Borman, Lovell, Anders), first manned moon voyage
12 21 1973 Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, US & USSR meet in Geneva: peace?
12 22 1964 Lockheed SR-71 spy aircraft reaches 3,530 kph (record for a jet)
12 23 1672 Giovanni Cassini discovers Rhea, a satellite of Saturn
12 23 1690 John Flamsteed sees Uranus but doesn't realize it's undiscovered
12 23 1920 Ireland is divided into two parts, each with its own parliament
12 23 1947 Transistor invented by Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley at Bell Labs
12 23 1968 Borman, Lovell & Anders are the first men to orbit the moon.
12 23 1973 six Persian Gulf nations double their oil prices
12 23 1975 Congress passes Metric Conversion Act
12 23 1986 Rutan & Yeager make 1st around-the-world flight without refueling
12 24 1582 Vasco daGama Day
12 24 1814 Treaty of Ghent signed, ending War of 1812 (this news did not arrive until after the Battle of New Orleans).
12 24 1818 "Silent Night" is composed by Franz Gruber and sung next day
12 24 1851 Library of Congress burns, 35,000 volumes are destroyed.
12 24 1865 Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, TN
12 24 1871 Giuseppe Verdi's "Aida" premieres in Cairo, at Suez canal opening
12 24 1906 the first radio program is broadcast, in Brant Rock, Mass
12 24 1920 Enrico Caruso gave his last public performance
12 24 1936 first radioactive isotope medicine administered, Berkeley, CA
12 24 1951 Libya gains independence from Italy
12 24 1966 Soviet Luna 13 lands on moon
12 24 1968 Apollo 8 astronauts broadcast seasons greetings from the moon.
12 25 0336 first recorded celebration of Christmas on Dec. 25: in Rome
12 25 1066 William the Conqueror was crowned king of England
12 25 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware and surprises the Hessians.
12 25 1868 Despite bitter opposition, Johnson grants unconditional pardons to everyone involved in the Southern rebellion (the Civil War).
12 25 1926 Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan
12 25 1939 Montgomery Ward introduces Rudolph the 9th reindeer
12 26 1492 first Spanish settlement in the new world founded, by Columbus.
12 26 1865 James Mason invents the 1st American coffee percolator.
12 26 1933 US foreswears armed intervention in Western Hemisphere. Ha!
12 27 1825 first public steam railroad completed in England.
12 27 1831 Darwin begins his voyage onboard the HMS Beagle.
12 27 1903 "Sweet Adaline", a barbershop quartet favorite, is 1st sung.
12 27 1932 Radio City Music Hall in New York City opens.
12 27 1934 the first youth hostel is opened, in Northfield, Mass
12 27 1945 International Monetary Fund established-World Bank founded
12 27 1979 Soviet troops invade Afghanistan
12 28 1669 A patent for chewing gum is granted to William Semple.
12 28 1846 Iowa becomes the 29th state
12 28 1890 Battle of Wounded Knee, SD - Last major conflict with Indians
12 28 1902 Trans-Pacific cable links Hawaii to US.
12 28 1912 San Francisco Municipal Railway starts operation at Geary St. (MUNI was the 1st municpally-owned transit system)
12 29 1845 Texas becomes the 28th state
12 29 1848 Gas lights installed at White House for 1st time
12 29 1911 San Francisco Symphony formed.
12 29 1931 Identification of heavy water publicly announced, HC Urey
12 29 1937 Pan Am starts San Francisco to Auckland, New Zealand service.
12 29 1949 first UHF TV station operating regular basis, Bridgeport CT
12 29 1952 first transistorized hearing aid offered for sale, Elmsford NY
12 30 1809 Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston
12 30 1817 first coffee planted in Hawaii
12 30 1853 Gadsden Purchase 45,000 sq miles by Gila River from Mexico for $10 million. Area is now southern Arizona & New Mexico
12 30 1924 Edwin Hubble announces existence of other Milky Way systems
12 30 1938 Electronic television system patented, VK Zworykin
12 30 1975 Democratic Republic of Madagascar founded
12 31 1600 British East India Company chartered
12 31 1744 James Bradley announces earth's motion of nutation (wobbling).
12 31 1857 Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as new capital of Canada
12 31 1862 Union ironclad ship "Monitor" sinks off Cape Hatteras, NC
12 31 1879 Cornerstone laid for Iolani Palace (only royal palace in US).
12 31 1879 Edison gives public demonstration of his incandescent lamp.
12 31 1890 Ellis Island opens as a US immigration depot
12 31 1946 President Truman officially proclaims the end of World War II
12 31 1961 Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than $12 billion
12 31 1974 US citizens allowed to buy & own gold for 1st time in 40 years
12 31 1999 Control of the Panama Canal reverts to Panama AjaxTrivia.html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>AjaxTrivia.html</title>
<meta charset='utf-8'>
<!-- File: AjaxTrivia.html
This web page uses AJAX concepts to load a standard HTML document, then use Javascript
to get the client's month and day, submitting them to a servlet, which will respond
with the appropriate trivia events. A Javascript "callback" function receives the response,
and displays the response in a table on the current page.
-->
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>
<script type='text/javascript'>
function start()
{
// get the client's month and day
var date=new Date();
var month=date.getMonth()+1;
var day=date.getDate();
// construct an AJAX request for the AjaxTrivia servlet
// appending two name=value pairs of data to submit to the servlet
url='/servlet/rap10.AjaxTrivia?month='+month+'&day='+day;
var element=document.getElementById('triviaTable');
element.innerHTML='<tr><td>submitting request '+url+'</td></tr>';
request=new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open('get',url);
request.send(null);
// set up the "callback" function
request.onreadystatechange=responseHandler;
}
function responseHandler()
{
// when our request's readyState property is 4, we have the server's response
// use it as our table's new innerHTML
if(request.readyState==4)
{
var element=document.getElementById('triviaTable');
element.innerHTML=request.response;
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body onLoad='start()'>
<table id=triviaTable>
</table>
</body>
</html>AjaxTrivia.java
/* File: AjaxTrivia.java
This servlet reads the contents of the file Trivia.dat and echoes today's trivia events
to the browser as an HTML table (to be rendered by the browser). "Today" is based on the
server's date and time, not the client.
Since Trivia.dat contains variable-length, delimited records, this program uses the String
class's split method to split the records into their subordinate fields.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;
public class AjaxTrivia extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set the response header (content-type)
// retrieve two pieces of submitted data (submitted in name=value format)
int todayMonth=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("month"));
int todayDay=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("day"));
int listCount=0; // initialize a counter
// generate a heading
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("<tr><td colspan=2>On "+todayMonth+"/"+todayDay+", the following events happened:</td></tr>");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
String filename="/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Trivia.dat";
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t");
int thisMonth=Integer.parseInt(fields[0]);
int thisDay=Integer.parseInt(fields[1]);
if(todayMonth==thisMonth && todayDay==thisDay)
{
out.println("<tr><td>"+fields[2]+"</td><td>"+fields[3]+"</td></tr>");
listCount++;
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.println("<tr><td>error attempting to open Trivia.dat</td></tr>");
out.println(e.toString());
}
out.println("<tr><td colspan=2>"+listCount+" trivia events listed</td></tr>");
}
}AjaxLogin.html
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>AjaxLogin.html</title>
<meta charset='utf-8'>
<!-- File: AjaxLogin.html
This page uses AJAX concepts to provide login/password data validation.
-->
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>
<style type='text/css'>
table,td
{
border: none;
}
</style>
<script type='text/javascript'>
function submitRequest()
{
// retreive the login and the password from the form fields
var loginData=document.getElementById('loginField').value;
var passwordData=document.getElementById('passwordField').value;
// construct an HTTP request, complete with two name=value pairs of form data
url='/servlet/rap10.AjaxLogin?login='+loginData+'&password='+passwordData;
// prepare and submit the AJAX request
request=new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open('get',url);
request.send(null);
// set up a callback function to be called any time the readyState property changes
request.onreadystatechange=responseHandler;
}
// the callback function
function responseHandler()
{
// we're really interested only in a readyState value of 4
if(request.readyState==4)
{
// get references to the two td's we use to display messages
var loginElement=document.getElementById('loginMsg');
var passwordElement=document.getElementById('passwordMsg');
loginElement.innerHTML='';
passwordElement.innerHTML='';
// process the AJAX response by updating the msg td's
if(request.response=='login')
{
loginElement.innerHTML='invalid login';
loginElement.style.color='red';
}
if(request.response=='password')
{
passwordElement.innerHTML='invalid password';
passwordElement.style.color='red';
}
if(request.response=='valid')
{
document.location='http://mislab.business.msstate.edu';
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<table id=triviaTable>
<tr>
<td>Login id:</td>
<td><input type=text id=loginField></td>
<td id=loginMsg></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Password:</td>
<td><input type=password id=passwordField></td>
<td id=passwordMsg></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><input type=button onClick='submitRequest()' value=' Login '></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>AjaxLogin.java
/* File: AjaxLogin.java
This servlet accepts a submitted login id and password, then checks for the existence
of the login id in the server-based file ValidLogins.dat, and verifies that the
submitted password matches the associated password in the file.
Since ValidLogins.txt contains variable-length, delimited fields (delimited by tab characters),
the String class's split method is used to split the record into its sub-fields. The split method
returns an array of String objects.
This servlet responds to an AJAX request, and responds with the word:
login - if the login id was not found in ValidLogins.dat
password - if the login id was found but the submitted password did not match
valid - if login id and password were valid
On a successful login, the servlet adds a record to a login-tracking file.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;
public class AjaxLogin extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/plain"); // set the response header (content-type)
// retrieve the two pieces of submitted data
// also, set a flag to false
String login=request.getParameter("login");
String password=request.getParameter("password");
boolean found=false;
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
BufferedReader in=null;
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{ // try to open the ValidLogins.dat data file
in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
"/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/ValidLogins.dat"));
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t"); // split record into its sub-fields
if(login.equals(fields[0])) // does submitted login match field #0?
{
found=true; // if so, set flag to true
if(password.equals(fields[1])) // and check to see if submitted password matches
{ // field #1
in.close();
out.print("valid"); // echo response back to client
this.logfile(login); // call our logfile method
return; // exit the doGet function
}
else
{
in.close();
out.print("password"); // echo response back to client
return; // and exit the doGet function
}
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
}
in.close(); // close the file
if(!found) // if flag was never changed to true
{
out.print("login"); // echo appropriate message back to client
} // (submitted login was not found in file)
}
private void logfile(String login) // our logfile method
{ // writes a record into a log file
try
{
Date date=new Date();
FileWriter file=new FileWriter("LoginLog.txt");
file.write(login+"\t"+date.toString()+"\n");
file.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
}
}
}ValidLogins.dat
ValidLogins.dat (variable-length, tab-delimited records)
each record consists of: login id, tab, corresponding password
rap10 password
gb497 1119
cac834 1111
tc318 1105
ng254 1105
wh373 1108
zbm6 2698
jds835 1116A Brief Overview of Java Server Page (JSP) programming
JSP has four predefined variables:
- request
- the HttpServletRequest object
- response
- the HttpServletResponse object
- out
- PrintWriter object used to send output to client
- session
- HttpSession object associated with request
JSP includes four scripting elements:
- JSP page directive
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
- The main use of a JSP page directive is to include imports for the compiler.
- JSP declaration
<%! private int accessCount=0; %>- A JSP declaration is used to define, and possibly initialize, a variable. The declaration is executed only the first time the .jsp page is executed (after translation).
- JSP expression
<%= new Date() %>
- A JSP "expression" is used to insert a value directly into the output. The expression
is evaluated, converted to a String, and inserted into the page.
- A JSP "expression" is used to insert a value directly into the output. The expression
- JSP scriptlet
<%
String wordList=(String) session.getAttribute("wordList");
if(wordList==null)
{
out.println("wordList is empty");
}
else
{
out.println(wordList);
}
%>- A JSP "scriptlet" is a block of Java code that will be executed.
Counter.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: Counter.jsp
This program demonstrates using JSP code for its dynamic content.
-->
<html>
<head><title>Counter.jsp</title></head>
<body>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<%! private int accessCount=0; %>
Today is:
<%= new Date() %>
<br><br><hr><br><br>
<%= ++accessCount %>
<br><br><hr><br><br>
<%
String ip=request.getRemoteHost();
out.println("Thank you for connection from "+ip+"\n<br><br>\n");
if(accessCount==6)
{
out.println("Please stop reloading this page.");
}
if(accessCount>6)
{
response.sendRedirect("http://misweb.business.msstate.edu");
}
%>
</body>
</html>Trivia.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: Trivia.jsp
This program uses JSP to read the records from Trivia.fil and display
trivia events in an HTML table.
-->
<html>
<head>
<title>Trivia.jsp</title>
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='BIS3523.css'>
</head>
<body>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<table>
<%
Date date=new Date(); // instantiate a Date object (deprecated)
int todayMonth=date.getMonth()+1; // getMonth returns 0-11 (increment by 1)
int todayDay=date.getDate(); // day of the month (1-31)
int listCount=0; // initialize a counter
// create an array of month names
String monthNames="Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,Jul,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec";
String[] names=monthNames.split(",");
// display first table row
out.println("<tr><td colspan=2>On this day in history, "+names[todayMonth-1]+" "+todayDay+":</td></tr>");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
// open the trivia file (it's stored in the classes folder)
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Trivia.fil"));
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
// extract fixed-length fields from the record
int thisMonth=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(0,2));
int thisDay=Integer.parseInt(record.substring(3,5));
if(thisMonth==todayMonth && thisDay==todayDay)
{
String year=record.substring(6,10);
String event=record.substring(12);
out.println("<tr><td>"+year+"</td><td>"+event+"</td></tr>");
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to open Trivia.fil");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
%>
</table>
</body>
</html>Customer.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: Customer.jsp
This program uses JSP code to read the records from Customer.dat and display
the customer data in a table on the document.
-->
<html>
<head><title>Customer.jsp</title>
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>
</head>
<body>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<table>
<%
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
BufferedReader in=
new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Customer.dat"));
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t");
out.println("<tr><td>"+fields[0]+"</td><td>"+fields[1]+"</td></tr>");
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to open Customer.dat");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
%>
</table>
</body>
</html>AjaxCustomer.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: AjaxCustomer.jsp
This program uses JSP code to read Customer.dat and display customer data
in an HTML table, then uses AJAX concepts to display detailed information
for a customer when the user clicks on a customer row in the table.
-->
<html>
<head><title>AjaxCustomer.jsp</title>
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='BIS3523.css'>
<style type='text/css'>
.width8 {width: 8in}
</style>
<script type='text/javascript'>
// define two global variables
customerNumber=0;
element='';
function submitRequest(custNum)
{
// if priorElement is not null, it is a td that is displaying a customer's info
// erase its contents
if(element!='')
{
element.innerHTML='';
}
// save parameter into global variable
customerNumber=custNum;
// construct an AJAX request, complete with name=value data to submit
url='/servlet/rap10.AjaxCustomer?custNum='+custNum;
// submit the AJAX request
request=new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open('get',url);
request.send(null);
element=document.getElementById('cell'+customerNumber);
// set up callback function
request.onreadystatechange=responseHandler;
}
function responseHandler()
{
// if readyState is 4, we have our response; display in td
if(request.readyState==4)
{
element.innerHTML=request.response;
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<table>
<%
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
BufferedReader in=
new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Customer.dat"));
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t");
out.println("<tr onClick='submitRequest("+fields[0]+")'><td>"+fields[0]+"</td><td>"+fields[1]+
", "+fields[2]+"</td><td class=width8 id=cell"+fields[0]+"></td></tr>");
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to open Customer.dat");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
%>
</table>
</body>
</html>AjaxCustomer.java
/* File: AjaxCustomer.java
This servlet responds to an AJAX request for a specific customer's information,
and responds with some HTML to be displayed.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class AjaxCustomer extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/plain"); // set the response header (content-type)
// retrieve submitted form data
int custNum=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("custNum"));
// generate a heading
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("<table>");
try // put I/O stuff in a try/catch block
{
String filename="/home/rpearson/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/Customer.dat";
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); // data file is now open
String record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
while(record!=null) // execute loop if record was read
{
String[] fields=record.split("\t");
if(custNum==Integer.parseInt(fields[0]))
{
out.println("<tr><td>Date:</td><td>"+fields[4]+"/"+fields[5]+"/"+fields[3]+"</td></tr>");
out.println("<tr><td>Balance:</td><td>"+fields[6]+"</td></tr>");
break; // break out of loop, no reason to read more recorfds
}
record=in.readLine(); // attempt to read next record
}
in.close(); // close the file
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>error attempting to open Customer.dat");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
out.println("</table>");
}
}CustomerDatabaseList.java
/* File: CustomerDatabaseList.java
This text-based application is used to list all of the customers in the bis3523
mysql Customer table.
*/
import java.sql.*; // import classes and interfaces from sql package
public class CustomerDatabaseList
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try // put the whole shebang in a try/catch block
{
// connect to the mysql database server
// database name: bis3523
// user name: abc123
// password: password
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance(); // load database driver
Connection connection=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/bis3523",
"abc123","password");
Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
String query="select * from Customer"; // set up select command
ResultSet resultSet=statement.executeQuery(query); // and execute the select command
while(resultSet.next()) // step through resultSet, processing each row
{
int number=resultSet.getInt(1); // get the first field, which is an int
String name=resultSet.getString(2); // second field is a String
int balance=resultSet.getInt(7); // and third is an int
System.out.println(number+"\t"+name+"\t"+balance);
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any database exceptions
{
System.out.println("database error");
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
}
}CustomerDatabaseListServlet.java
/* File: CustomerDatabaseListServlet.java
This servlet is used to list all of the customers in the bis3523
mysql Customer table.
*/
import java.sql.*; // import classes and interfaces from sql package
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;
public class CustomerDatabaseListServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set the response header (content-type)
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object to print to browser
out.println("<!doctype html>");
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>CustomerDatabaseListServlet.java</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
try // put the whole shebang in a try/catch block
{
out.println("<table>");
// connect to the mysql database server
// database name: bis3523
// user name: abc123
// password: password
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance(); // load database driver
Connection connection=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/bis3523",
"abc123","password");
Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
String query="select * from Customer order by balance desc"; // set up select command
ResultSet resultSet=statement.executeQuery(query); // and execute the select command
while(resultSet.next()) // step through resultSet, processing each row
{
int number=resultSet.getInt(1); // get the first field, which is an int
String name=resultSet.getString(2); // second field is a String
int balance=resultSet.getInt(7); // and third is an int
String strBalance=Utility.padString(balance,10,2);
out.println("<tr><td>"+number+"</td><td>"+name+"</td><td class=right>"+strBalance+"</td></tr>");
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any database exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>database error");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
out.println("</table>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}CustomerDatabaseQuery.html
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: CustomerDatabaseQuery.html
Use this form to get a report of all customer accounts which have a balance
greater than or equal to a specified minimum.
-->
<html>
<head><title>CustomerDatabaseQuery.html</title>
</head>
<body>
<b>Customer Database Query System</b>
<br><br>
Enter a minimum balance.
<br><br>
<form action='/servlet/rap10.CustomerDatabaseQuery' method=post>
Minimum balance:
<input type='text' id='minBalance' name='minBalance'>
<input type='Submit'>
</form>
</body>
</html>CustomerDatabaseQuery.java
/* File: CustomerDatabaseQuery.java
This servlet responds to requests for a Customer Outstanding Balance report.
*/
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class CustomerDatabaseQuery extends HttpServlet // subclass HttpServlet
{
// prevent direct access via the Location field
// by over-riding doGet
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set HTTP response header type
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object for output purposes
out.println("break-in attempt detected<br><br>");
out.println("<a href='/CustomerDatabaseQuery.html'>Click here</a> to conitnue.");
}
// doPost will handle a request from the HTML form
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException // over-ride HttpServlet doPost method
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set HTTP response header type
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object for output purposes
out.println("<!doctype html>");
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>CustomerDatabaseQuery.java</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("<table>");
String minBalance=request.getParameter("minBalance"); // get parameter from form
try
{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
Connection connection=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/bis3523",
"abc123","password");
Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
// find out how many rows in table match the query
String query="select count(*) from Customer where balance>="+minBalance+" order by balance desc";
ResultSet resultSet=statement.executeQuery(query); // execute the query statement
resultSet.next(); // this resultSet will have only one row
int count=resultSet.getInt(1);
// construct the actual select statement to retrieve the rows
query="select * from Customer where balance>="+minBalance+" order by balance desc";
out.println("<tr><td colspan=4>"+query+"</td></tr>"); // for debugging purposes, echo the query
out.print("<tr><td colspan=4>"+count+" row"); // echo # of rows that match query
if(count==1) // properly handle singular and plural
{
out.print(" matches");
}
else
{
out.print("s match");
}
out.println(" query</td></tr>");
resultSet=statement.executeQuery(query); // execute the query statement
int i=0; // number the rows in the table
while(resultSet.next()) // process results of select statement
{
i++;
int number=resultSet.getInt(1);
String name=resultSet.getString(2);
int balance=resultSet.getInt(7);
out.println("<tr><td class=right>"+i+".</td><td class=right>"+number+"</td><td>"+name
+"</td><td class=right>"+Utility.padString(balance,15,2)+"</td></tr>");
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any database exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>database error");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
out.println("</table>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}CustomerDatabaseUpdate.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: CustomerDatabaseUpdate.jsp
This program uses JSP code list all customers in an HTML table, displaying each
customer's balance in a textfield. To the right of the textfield is a button,
which the user can use to update the customer's balance (change the balance in the
textfield, and click the button). Clicking the button will submit the form on the
page, which requests a servlet (notice that this does not use AJAX, but a regular
HTTP request).
-->
<html>
<head><title>CustomerDatabaseUpdate.jsp</title>
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>
<script type='text/javascript'>
// this function is called when an Update button is clicked
// it receives one parameter: customer number
// it then gets the current value that is in the associated textfield
// it uses these two values to set the values for two hidden form fields (the values
// of these two fields will be retrieved by the servlet)
function submitUpdate(custNumber)
{
document.forms[0].custNum.value=custNumber;
document.forms[0].balance.value=document.getElementById('cell'+custNumber).value;
document.forms[0].submit();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>
<form action='/servlet/rap10.CustomerDatabaseUpdate' method=post>
<table>
<%
// see if there is an attribute named "updatedNumber" associated with this request
// (this is used to communicate from the servlet back to the jsp, to highlight the updated row)
int updatedNumber=-1;
String string=(String) request.getAttribute("updatedNumber");
if(string!=null)
{
updatedNumber=Integer.parseInt(string);
}
// connect to the mysql database server
// database name: BIS3523
// user name: abc123
// password: password
try
{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance(); // load database driver
Connection connection=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/bis3523",
"abc123","password");
Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
String query="select * from Customer"; // set up select command
ResultSet resultSet=statement.executeQuery(query); // and execute the select command
while(resultSet.next()) // step through the resultSet, processing each row
{
int number=resultSet.getInt(1); // get the first field, which is an int
String name=resultSet.getString(2); // second field is a String
int balance=resultSet.getInt(7); // and third is an int
String strBalance=Utility.padString(balance,10,2);
out.print("<tr class=highlight");
if(number==updatedNumber) // if servlet passed back an updatedNumber
{ // set this row to white text on green background
out.print(" style='color: white; background-color: green'");
}
out.print("><td>"+number+"</td><td>"+name+"</td>");
out.print("<td><input type=text id=cell"+number+" value="+strBalance+"></td>");
out.print("<td><input type=button value=' Update ' onClick='submitUpdate("+number+")'></td>");
out.println("</tr>");
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any database exceptions
{
out.print("<tr><td>database error");
out.print(e.toString());
out.println("</td></tr>");
}
%>
</table>
<input type=hidden name=custNum>
<input type=hidden name=balance>
</form>
</body>
</html>CustomerDatabaseUpdate.java
/* File: CustomerDatabaseUpdate.java
This servlet updates a customer balance, and then redirects the user back
to the initial JSP page.
*/
import java.sql.*; // import classes and interfaces from sql package
import java.io.*; // import statements
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class CustomerDatabaseUpdate extends HttpServlet
{
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
{
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
try // put the whole shebang in a try/catch block
{ // retrieve two submitted form fields
int customerNumber=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("custNum"));
String string=request.getParameter("balance");
string=string.replace(",",""); // remove any commas from new balance
double newBalance=Double.parseDouble(string);
// connect to the mysql database server
// database name: bis3523
// user name: abc123
// password: password
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance(); // load database driver
Connection connection=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/bis3523",
"abc123","password");
Statement statement=connection.createStatement();
// construct an SQL Update statement
String sql="update Customer set balance="+newBalance+" where number="+customerNumber;
statement.execute(sql); // and execute the SQL statement
// set a value for an attribute to be retrieved
// by the jsp when we return to it
request.setAttribute("updatedNumber",""+customerNumber);
RequestDispatcher rd=getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/CustomerDatabaseUpdate.jsp");
rd.forward(request,response); // submit request for the original .jsp
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
response.setContentType("text/plain");
out.println("database error (or some type of exception)");
}
}
}SessionTracker.jsp
<!doctype html>
<!-- File: SessionTracker.jsp
This page demonstrates "session tracking" for persistence.
Session tracking could be used to implement something like a shopping cart,
with page-to-page persistence of the contents of the cart.
-->
<%@ page session="true" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>SessionTracker.jsp</title>
<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>
</head>
<body>
<table class=noBorder style='width: 96%; margin: auto'>
<tr><td valign=top class=noBorder>
<form action='/servlet/rap10.SessionTracker' method=post>
next item? <input type=text name=item size=30>
<br><br>
<input type=submit value='Add item'>
</form>
</td><td valign=top class=noBorder>
<table style='margin-right: 0px'>
<tr><td class=center>
<%
// retrieve the value for the session attribute named "cart"
Vector cart=(Vector)session.getAttribute("cart");
if(cart==null)
{
cart=new Vector();
}
if(cart.size()==0)
{
out.print("Your shopping cart is empty.");
}
else
{
out.print("Shopping Cart:<br>");
out.print("<a href='/servlet/rap10.SessionLister'>"+cart.size()+" item");
if(cart.size()>1)
{
out.print("s");
}
out.print("</a>");
}
out.println("");
%>
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>SessionTracker.java
/* File: SessionTracker.java
This servlet adds an item to the session-based shopping cart.
*/
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java .util.*;
public class SessionTracker extends HttpServlet // subclass HttpServlet
{
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException // over-ride HttpServlet doPost method
// to respond to Post requests
{
try
{
HttpSession session=request.getSession(true); // get an HttpSession object
String item=request.getParameter("item"); // get the new "item" from the submitted data
Vector cart=(Vector) session.getAttribute("cart"); // get the value of the "cart" session attribute
if(cart==null) // if it's null, create new Vector object
{
cart=new Vector();
}
cart.addElement(item); // add the new "item" to the vector (cart)
session.setAttribute("cart",cart); // set "cart" as a session attribute
response.sendRedirect("/SessionTracker.jsp"); // redirect browser to jsp page
// (notice no HTML generated)
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{ // generate HTML response only on exception
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set HTTP response header type
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object for output purposes
out.println("<!doctype html>"); // generate valid HTML for a web page
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>SessionTracker.java</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("Strange error adding item to shopping cart. Please call customer service.<br><br>");
out.println(e.toString());
out.println("<br><br>");
out.println("<a href='/SessionTracker.jsp'>Click here to continue.</a>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}
}SessionLister.java
/* File: SessionLister.java
This servlet lists the contents of the session-based shopping cart.
*/
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java .util.*;
public class SessionLister extends HttpServlet // subclass HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException // over-ride HttpServlet doGet method
// to respond to Get requests
{
response.setContentType("text/html"); // set HTTP response header type
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter(); // get a PrintWriter object for output purposes
out.println("<!doctype html>"); // generate valid HTML for a web page
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head>");
out.println("<title>SessionLister.java</title>");
out.println("<link rel=stylesheet type='text/css' href='/BIS3523.css'>");
out.println("</head>");
out.println("<body>");
try
{
HttpSession session=request.getSession(true); // get an HttpSession object
Vector cart=(Vector) session.getAttribute("cart"); // get the value of its "cart" atrribute
if(cart==null) // if attribute is null,
{
out.println("Your shopping cart is empty."); // cart is empty
}
else
{
out.println("Your shopping cart contains:<br>"); // display contents of cart
out.println("<ol>");
for(int i=0;i<cart.size();i++)
{
out.println("<li>"+cart.elementAt(i)+"</li>");
}
out.println("</ol>");
}
}
catch(Exception e) // catch any exceptions
{
out.println("error");
out.println(e.toString());
}
out.println("<br><br><a href='/SessionTracker.jsp'>Click here to continue.</a>");
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
}
}