Chapter 27-31
Prokaryotic Diversity
- Prokaryotes dated at 3.5 billion years old
- Modern Prokaryotes are most abundant, lacking sexual reproduction
Domain Bacteria
- Proteobacteria
- "true bacteria"
- Cyanobacteria
- "Blue-Green bacteria"
Domain Archaea
- Have and "almost" nucleus
- specialized membranes
- surrounded by a cell wall
- old, can live in extreme conditions
Eukaryotic Diversity (Ch 28)
Kingdom Protista
- Earliest eukaryotes in fossil record
- most are microscopic and found in moist environments
- DNA many separate groups
- Most artificial category
- "catch-all" category
Subgroups
Algae
- Plant-like organisms
- 10 groups
- autotrophic (self-feeding)
- most are photosynthetic
- few ingest food
- cell wall with
Protozoans
- Animal-like
- mostly netraothrophic (food-eating)
Slime Molds
- Fungal-like Protist
- Mostly saprothrophic (absorb-feeding)
- mostly multicellular
Slime Molds
Kingdom Fungi (Ch 31)
- Conspicuous portion of the organism in the mushroom/yeast/mold/etc
- Saprothrophic (some are heterotrophic)
- Natures recyclers
- Composed of:
- Mycelium
- compacted mass of tubular filaments called hyphae
- Fruiting body
- site of spore production
- Cell wall
- composed of muramic acid/chitin
- Mycelium
Kingdom Plantae (Ch 29 & 30)
- >330,000 species
- eukaryotic and multicellular
- autotrophic (mostly) self-feeding
- capture sunlight to produce energy by photosynthesis
- Food storage copound
- starch
- cell wall
- cellulose
- Are referred to as "land plants"
- fossils dated to ~400mybp (million years before present)
- Ancestor stock
- probably a group of algae (green)
- Life on land requires special innovation
- Must be able to get water
- ROOTS!
- Must be able to get water
Phyla (divisions)
- 10 phyla
- Typically combine these into 4 broad categories for convenience
Bryophytes
- Phylum Hepatophyta
- Liverworts
- ~6500 species
- Phylum Anthocerophyta
- Hornwarts
- ~100 species
- Phylum Bryophyta
- Mosses
- ~12,000 species
Referred to as "mosses and their friends"
Characteristics
- Reproduce by spores (not seeds)
- non-vascular plants
- lack conducting tissues
- xlem and phloem
- lack conducting tissues
- Small plants
- Require external H2O for reproduction
Pteridophytes
- Phylum Lycopodiophyta
- lychophytes
- 1000 species
- Phylum Pteridophyts
- Ferns and allies
- 12,000 species
Characteristics
- Sporangia
- Where the spores are produce
- Reproduce by spores
- no seeds
- vascular plants
- xylem
- water and minerals
- phloem
- food and solutes
- xylem
- true roots, stem, and leaves
- due to being vascular
- vascular allows for larger size
- Require external H2O for reproduction
Gymnosperms
- Phylum Cycadophyta
- cycads
- 300 species
- Phylum Ginkophyta
- Ginko
- 1 species
- Phylum Gnetophyta
- gnetophytes
- 300 species
- Phylum Coniferophytes
- conifers
- 500 species
Means "Naked seeds"
Seeds are not enclosed
Biggest group are the conifers
(Cone bearing trees)
- Oldest
- Bristle cone pine
- Over 4600 years
- Bristle cone pine
- Biggest
- Giant Sequoia
- estimated 600 tons
- Giant Sequoia
- Tallest
- Coastal Redwood
- 180 meters in height
Characteristics
- Vascular
- more advanced that Pteridophytes
- Advance seed
- It has more survival value
- Contains:
- Embryo
- Offspring
- Stored food
- Integument
- Seed coating
- Embryo
- Does not require external H2O for reproduction
- Pollen tubes deliver sperm to egg location
Angiosperms
- Phylum Anthophyta
- 300,000 species
Characteristics
- Enclosed seed
- produces flowers and fruits
- most advance vascular tissues
- Seeds advance
- Enclosed in a vesses (fruit)
- no survival value
- Embryo
- Stored food
- 2 integuments
- Seed coats
- Enclosed in a vesses (fruit)
- Does not require external H2O for reproduction
- Flowers
- Attract pollinators
- Fruit
- Enclose and protect the seed
- assist with seed dispersal