Chapter 40

Intro to Animal Structure(Form) & Function

Key concepts

• organization of animal bodies
• the relationship between structure and function
• homeostasis

All Animals:

Share similarities in the ways in which they:

• Exchange materials with their surroundings
• Obtain energy from organic molecules
• synthesize complex molecules
• reproduce themselves
• detect and respond to signals in their immediate surroundings

Levels of Animal Organization

• Cellular
  • Phylum Porifera
• Tissue
  • Phylum Cnidaria 
  • Phylum Ctehotophora
• Organ System
  • All advanced animal groups

Internal Organization of Animals

• Cells with similar properties group together to form tissues
• Tissues combine together to form organs
• Organs are linked together to form organ systems
• Organ Systems form an organism

Tissues

Tissue

• An association of many cells that have a similar structure and function

Types

• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue

Epithelial

• Sheets of densely-packed cells that:
  • cover the body or enclose organs
  • line the walls of the body cavity and organs
• Specialized to protect and secrete/absorb ions and organic molecules
• cells have a variety of shapes
  •  
  • cuboidal
  • squamous
  • columnar
• arranged to form different types of tissues
  • simple
    • one layer
  • stratified
    • multi layer
  • pseudo-stratified
    • one layer, but appears stratified
• All are asymmetrical or polarized
  • One side rests on the basal lamina (basement membrane)
  • the other faces the environment

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• Simple squamous
  • one layer of flat cells
• Simple cuboidal
  • one layer of square cells
• Simple columnar
  • single layer of rectangular cells
• Pseudo-stratified columnar
  • 1 cell thick with all at basement barrier
• Stratified squamous
  • multi-layered flattened cells
• Transitional
  • stretchable tissue

All may be involved with secretions/absorption/protection

Connective tissues